Sarakuna, da ikoki na zamanin d Rus a cikin tsawon rarrabuwa

Bayan mutuwar Prince of Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo a 1054 a Rasha ya fara aiwatar da lalata kafin guda jihar. Similar events ya faru a yammacin Turai. Shi ne mai general hali na mulkin gargajiya tsakiyar zamanai. A hankali, Rasha ne zuwa kashi da dama a zahiri shine m mulkoki da kowa hadisai, al'adu da kuma Rurik daular. Yana fara a 1132, lokacin da ya mutu Mstislav Veliky muhimmancin ga kasar. Wannan ne ranar farkon da karshe masana tarihi yi imani da halin yanzu siyasa fragmentation. A wannan jiha, Rasha dade har tsakiyar XIII karni, a lõkacin da ta samu da mamayewa na Mongol-Tatar sojojin.

Kiev ƙasar

A tsawon shekaru, da sarauta na zamanin d Rasha da aka raba, garwaya tẽku, canza dokoki na rassan na Rurik daular , da sauransu. D. Duk da haka, duk da rikice na wadannan abubuwan, akwai da dama key rabo, wanda taka leda mafi muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar kasar. Ko bayan da ainihin auka na de jure da aka dauke shi wani babban jami'in Prince of Kiev.

Control na "uwar Rasha birane" kokarin kafa wani iri-iri na musamman shugabanni. Saboda haka, idan fiefdoms na zamanin d Rasha da nasu hereditary daular, da Kiev mafi sau da yawa ya wuce daga hannu da hannu. Bayan rasuwar Mstislav Vladimirovich a 1132 ya zama birnin da dukiya a takaice Chernigov Rurik. Yana bai dace da sauran mambobi na daular Qing. Saboda tarzomar wars Kiev tsaya farko iko Pereyaslav, Turov da Vladimir-Volyn sarauta, sa'an nan (a 1169) da kuma a duk aka sace sojojin Andreya Bogolyubskogo kuma a karshe rasa ta siyasa muhimmanci.

Chernihiv

Fiefdoms na zamanin d Rasha a cikin Chernigov ƙasar mallakar zuriyar Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Su ya dade a rikicin da Kiev. Chernihiv daular ga dama shekaru da dama da aka kasu kashi biyu rassan: zuriyar Oleg da Davidovich. Tare da kowane tsara faru mafi sabon fiefdoms, kwakwalwan kwamfuta daga Chernigov (Sivers'k-Novgorod, Bryanskoye, Kurskoe da t. D.).

A mafi daukan hankali mulkin wannan yankin masana tarihi yi imani Svyatoslava Olgovicha. Ya kasance wani na hannun daman Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Tare da su ke kawance idi a Moscow a 1147 shi ya fara tabbatar da tarihin tarihin Rasha babban birnin kasar. Lokacin da Duchy na zamanin d Rasha sõyayya a yaki da mangolawa bayyana a gabas, da takamaiman shugabanni Chernigov asashe sanya tare da sauran Ruric da kuma ci a cikin Kalka River. Mamayewa na steppe ya shafa ba duk sarauta, da kuma kawai ta gabashin. Duk da haka, sun yarda da kansa a talakansa na Golden taro (bayan wata azãba mai mutuwa Michael na Chernigov). A XIV karni Chernihiv tare da yawan makwabta garuruwa aka annexed zuwa Lithuania.

Polotsk Region

Polotsk mulki Izyaslavich (zuriyarsa Iziaslav V.). Wannan reshe na Rurik tsaya fita gaba da sauransu. Bugu da kari, na farko Polotsk fara wani gwagwarmaya da makamai ga 'yancin kai daga Kiev. A farkon wannan wata yaki ya faru a farkon XI karni.

Kamar sauran mulkoki na zamanin d Rus a cikin tsawon fragmentation, Polotsk ƙarshe raba cikin da dama kananan mulkoki (Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutskiy na T. D.). Wasu daga cikin wadannan birane a sakamakon yaƙe-yaƙe da dynastic aure ya wuce zuwa Smolensk Rurikovich. Amma mafi hadarin abokan adawar na Polotsk, babu shakka, sun Lithuania. Da farko, da Baltic kabilan halshen predatory hare-hare a kan Rasha ƙasar. Sa'an nan suka koma zuwa ga waɗansu ganĩmõmi. A 1307 Polotsk karshe ya zama wani ɓangare na fledgling Lithuanian iko.

Volyn

A Volyn yankin (a kudu maso yamma ba-rana Ukraine) rarrabe biyu, manyan jam'iyyun siyasa cibiyar - Vladimir-Volyn da Galich. Bayan da zama m daga Kiev, da sarauta fara gasa da juna domin jagoranci a yankin. A ƙarshen XII karni Roman Mstislavovich sõyayya a birane biyu. Yana da aka kira da sarauta daga Galicia-Volyn. Rinjayar da monarch ya haka mai girma cewa ya tattarã fitar da 'Yan Salibiyya daga Konstantinoful na Byzantine Sarkin sarakuna Alexios III.

Dan Daniel Roman ya shahara husufi mahaifinsa nasara. Ya samu nasarar yi yaƙi da Dogayen sanda, Hungarians da mangolawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci shiga cikin wani kawance da wani daga cikin makwabta. A 1254 Daniel ko da ya dauki daga Paparoma da lakabi na King of Rasha, suna begen su taimaka Yammacin Turai a yaki da steppe. Bayan mutuwarsa, da Galicia-Volyn sarauta fadi cikin disrepair. A farko, an rarraba su zuwa yankunansu, sa'an nan aka annexed da Poland. A fragmentation na zamanin d Rasha, inda sarauta kullum a rashin daidaito da juna, ya kange ta yaki da waje barazana.

Smolensk

Smolensk sarauta dake a cikin Gwargwadon cibiyar na Rasha. Sai ya zama m lokacin da dan Mstislava Velikogo Rostislav. A ƙarshen XII karni na sarauta na zamanin d Rasha sake fara wani m gwagwarmayar Kiev. Babban contenders for ikon a zamanin d babban birnin kasar na Smolensk, kuma Chernigov suka yi shugabanci.

A saman da ikon Rostislav zuriyarsa kai a Mstislav Romanovich. A 1214-1223 gg. Ya yi mulki ba kawai Smolensk, amma Kiev. Yana da wannan sarkin shi ne Mafarin na farko antimongolskoy hadaka ci a Kalka. Daga bisani Smolensk kasa da suka jikkata a lokacin da mamayewa. Duk da haka, ta shugabanni biya haraji ga Golden taro. A hankali sarauta matse tsakanin samun tasiri Lithuania da kuma Moscow. Independence a irin wannan yanayi ba zai iya zama dogon. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1404 da Lithuanian prince Vytautas Smolensk da sauƙi a haɗe zuwa dukiyarsa.

Outpost a Eye

Ryazan sarauta sun shagaltar da ƙasar a tsakiya Oka. Yana tsaye daga sammai da Chernigov shugabanni. A 1160-ies daga Ryazan m Moore. Mongol mamayewa painfully bugi a gefen. Mazauna, Da shugabanninmu, da ikoki na zamanin d Rasha bai fahimci barazanar da Eastern invaders. A 1237 na farko Rasha Ryazan aka lalatar da steppe ma'abũta. A nan gaba, da sarauta da aka fafitikar da girma ikon Moscow. Alal misali, Gwamnan Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich dade da wani abokin gaba Dmitriya Donskogo. Ryazan rasa hankali ƙasa. Yana da aka annexed ta Moscow a 1521.

Novgorod Jamhuriyar

Historical halaye na ikoki na zamanin d Rus ba zai iya zama cikakken ba tare da Ambaton Novgorod Jamhuriyar. Wannan jiha rayu bisa ga musamman na siyasa da kuma zamantakewa yanayi. Ga shi kafa wani aristocratic jamhuriyar tare da wani karfi da tasiri na rare majalisar. Shugabannin da aka zabe shugabanni (suka gayyace daga sauran Rasha ƙasashe).

A irin wannan tsarin siyasa da ya ɓullo da a Pskov, wanda aka kira "da kane na Novgorod." Wadannan birane biyu sun da cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da cinikayya. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran Rasha siyasa da cibiyoyin da suka yi mafi lambobi da yammacin Turai. Bayan da Baltic States dauki soja Katolika zuhudu umarni, tsakanin Knights da Novgorod fara tsanani gogayya. Wannan gwagwarmaya ta kai ta koli a 1240-ies. A sa'an nan cewa Swedes da kuma Jamus a nuna ci Prince Alexander Nevsky. Lokacin kusan gama tarihi hanyar da Ancient Rasha zuwa Grand Duchy na Moscow, da jamhuriyar aka bar shi kadai tare da Ivan III. Ya yi nasara da Novgorod a 1478.

Arewa maso gabashin Rasha

A farko siyasa da cibiyoyin na Arewa maso gabas Rasha a cikin XI-XII ƙarni. sun Rostov, Suzdal da Vladimir. Yana mulki a cikin zuriyar Monomakh da ƙaramin ɗan Yuriya Dolgorukogo. The mãsu mayẽwa daga uba Andrew Bogolyubskii da Vsevolod Big gurbi ƙarfafa ikon Vladimir sarauta, yin shi most kuma karfi a cikin fragmented Rus.

Lokacin da yara Vsevolod Big Jack fara wata babbar yakin basasa. Suka fara bayyana da farko fiefdoms. Amma hakikanin bala'i zo a arewa maso gabashin kasar Rasha, tare da mangolawa. Makiyaya sun lalatar da wannan yankin, ƙone da yawa daga cikin birnin. A lokacin da Tartar khans mulki gane Vladimir sarakuna tsofaffi cikin Rasha. Shirya halshen ga waɗanda suka samu musamman lakabin.

A cikin gwagwarmayar Vladimir ware biyu sabon abokin: Tver da Moscow. Ganiya da su adawa zo a farkon na XIV karni. A wannan gasar ya lashe zaben da aka Moscow. A hankali ta sarakunansa ya koma Arewa-Eastern Rasha, hambarar da gwamnatin Mongol-Tatar karkiya da kuma ƙarshe halitta hadade Rasha jihar (karo na farko da sarki a 1547 ya zama Ivan Grozny).