A samu na Kudu iyakacin duniya. Roald Amundsen da kuma Robert Scott. Research tashoshin a Antarctica

A samu na Kudu iyakacin duniya - a ƙarni-tsohon mafarkin na iyakacin duniya explorers - a karshe mataki na bazara na 1912 zaci cikin hali na wani aiki gasar tsakanin expeditions na jihohin biyu - Norway da kuma Birtaniya. Ga tsohon, ta tsaya a babban rabo, don wasu - wani bala'i. Amma, duk da wannan, ya ɓatar da su da babban explorers Roald Amundsen da kuma Robert Scott har abada shiga tarihi na ci gaba da shida nahiyar.

A farko explorers na kudancin iyakacin duniya latitudes

Ci na Kudu iyakacin duniya ya fara a cikin shekara a lokacin da mutane suke kawai vaguely sane da cewa wani wuri a gefen kudancin yammancin duniya da za a ƙasa. A farko daga cikin jirgin, wanda gudanar a samu kusa da ita, ya Amerigo Vespucci, kewayawa a cikin ta Kudu Atlantic, kuma a 1501 ya kai hamsin latitudes.

Wannan shi ne zamanin, da aikata ta da mai Gwargwadon binciken. A takaice bayyana da suka tsaya a wadannan a baya m latitudes (Vespucci ya ba kawai a navigator, amma wani masanin kimiyya), ya cigaba a hanyar zuwa gaba na sabon, kwanan nan gano nahiyar - Amurka - saka sunansa a yau.

The din nazari na kudancin latitudes, fatan samu ba a sani ba ƙasar kusan uku ƙarni daga baya ya yi niyya sanannen Banasare Dzheyms Kuk. Ya ya iya kusanci ta fi, kai a cikin wannan saba'in da biyu a layi daya, amma ta kara ci gaba a kudu hana Antarctic icebergs da iyo kankara.

Da bude daga cikin kashi shida nahiyar

Antarctica, da iyakacin duniya ta Kudu, da kuma mafi muhimmanci - da dama da za a kira wani majagaba da trailblazer icebound ƙasar da related shã'aninku daukaka mai fatalwa da yawa. A ko'ina cikin XIX karni sun incessant yunkurin mamaye na shida nahiyar. Suka halarci mu matuƙan Mikhail Lazarev da Faddey Bellinsgauzen, wanda ya aiko da Rasha Kasa Society, Banasare Klark Ross wanda ya kai saba'in da takwas a layi daya, kazalika da yawan Jamus, Faransa da kuma Yaren mutanen Sweden masu bincike. Lashe wadannan kamfanoni nasara ne kawai a karshen karni, a lokacin da Johann Australian Bullu da girmamawa ga farko saitin kafar a kan tudu zuwa yau, iyalinsu ba a sani ba Antarctica.

Daga wannan batu a cikin Antarctic ruwan garzaya ba kawai masana kimiyya, amma kuma da whalers ga wanda da sanyi teku kama kifi wakilta mai fadi da ikon yinsa. Shekara bayan shekara, ƙware da Coast, na farko bincike tashar, amma Kudu iyakacin duniya (ya ilmin lissafi batu) shi ne har yanzu m. A wannan mahallin, tare da m sharpness da tambaya tashi: Wanene zai iya doke da gasar da kuma wanda kasa flag farko vzovotsya a kudancin tip na duniya?

Tseren ga Kudu iyakacin duniya

A farkon karni XX, da dama yunkurin cinye impregnable kusurwa na Duniya, da kuma kowane lokaci kuma da iyakacin duniya explorers gudanar don samun kusa da shi. A culmination na wannan zo a watan Oktoba 1911 a lokacin da Kotun biyu expeditions - Birtaniya, jagorancin Roberta Folkona Scott da kuma Norwegian, wanda aka jagorancin Roald Amundsen (Kudu iyakacin duniya na dogon lokaci kuma shi ne mai lura da mafarkinsa na), kusan lokaci guda gangarawa zuwa gaba na Antarctica. Sun raba 'yan dari mil.

Abin mamaki, na farko Norwegian balaguro aka ba za hadari da Kudu iyakacin duniya. Amundsen da ma'aikatan jirgin da aka aiko zuwa Arctic. Yana da arewacin tip na duniya ne a cikin tsare-tsaren na wani m Navigator. Duk da haka, hanyar da ya karbi sako da cewa da Arewa iyakacin duniya ya mika wuya ga Amirkawa - Cook kuma Peary. Ba so ya sauke su girma, Amundsen abruptly canza hanya, kuma ya jũya kudu. Saboda haka, ya kalubalanci Burtaniya, kuma za su iya tsayawa ba har da daukakar da al'umma.

Da abokin gaba Robert Scott, kafin duqufad da kansa bincike ayyuka na dogon lokaci, jami'i na Navy Her girman da samun isasshen kwarewa a umurnin battleships da Cruisers. Bayan ya yi ritaya, sai ya ciyar da shekaru biyu a kan tekun na Antarctica, da shan kashi a cikin bincike tashar. Su har ma da sanya wani ƙoƙari na samun da iyakacin duniya, amma tun da ya koma ga watanni uku a wani sosai babba nesa, Scott aka tilasta juya baya.

A kan Hauwa'u na da wani hukunci hari

Dabara don cimma burin a wani peculiar tseren "Amundsen - Scott 'teams sun kasance daban-daban. Babban abin hawa na Birtaniya sun Manchurian ponies. Low-girma da kuma Hardy, su ne daidai dace da yanayi na iyakacin duniya latitudes. Amma baya su a zubar da cikin matafiya akwai kuma na gargajiya a irin haka ne, kare sledding, kuma ko da wani cikakken sabon abu a cikin wadannan shekaru - snowmobiles. Norwegians cikin dõgara a kan tabbatar arewacin huskies, wanda ya kamata da duka tare da hanya a cire hudu sledges, tyazhelogruzhenyh kayan aiki.

Kuma dukansu biyu zuwa ta hanyar da tsawon takwas mil daya hanya, da kuma yadda yawa sake (idan suka zauna da rai, ba shakka). Gaba na su aka jiran glaciers, mai karko da m fasa, m sanyi, tare da blizzards da snowstorms, da kuma gaba daya gusar da ganuwa na, kuma ba makawa a irin haka ne, frostbite, rauni, da yunwa, da dukan wahalar. A kyautar ne ga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da aka yi da ɗaukakar da majagaba da hakkin ya hau tutar a iyakacin duniya na ta iko. Babu Norwegians kuma Birtaniya da wani shakka cewa wasan da daraja da kyandir.

Idan Robert Scott ya fi gwani a kewayawa da sophistication, da Amundsen ya nuna a sarari m ga shi a matsayin gogaggen iyakacin duniya Explorer. A muhimmanci a mulki ga wata iyakacin duniya gabãta overwintering a kan Antarctic nahiyar, da kuma Norwegian ya iya zabi ga ta fi kyau wuri fiye da Birtaniya takwaransa. Da fari dai, sansanin da aka located kusan ɗari. Mil kusa da karshen aya daga cikin tafiya fiye da Birtaniya, da kuma abu na biyu, da hanya daga shi zuwa Arewa iyakacin duniya, Amundsen paved hanya, ya ya iya wuce wuraren sha musantawa mafi tsanani sanyi da wannan lokaci na shekara kuma incessant hadari da blizzards.

Kawasaki da shan kashi

Yaren mutanen Norway tawagar ya iya zo duk hanyar da shirya ya koma zuwa ga tushe sansanin, da aka rasa a lokacin short Antarctic bazara. Za mu iya kawai sha'awan da fasaha da kuma kwanyarsa da wanda Amundsen ciyar da kungiyar yin tsayayya da m sahihancin nasa hada wadannan jadawali. Daga cikin mutanen da suka amince da shi, akwai ba kawai matattu, amma ko da samun duk wani tsanani samu rauni.

Quite a daban-daban rabo awaited da balaguro na Scott. Kafin heaviest rabo daga hanya, lokacin da burin da aka ɗari da hamsin mil, suka jũya karshe memba na mai goyon bayan kungiyar, da kuma biyar Birtaniya bincike harnessed kansu a nauyi sledges. By wannan lokaci da dukan dawakan fãɗi, ya rurrushe, motor sledges da karnuka da aka kawai cinye ta da iyakacin duniya explorers - ya tafi zuwa matsananci matakan tsira.

A karshe, Janairu 17, 1912 a sakamakon gagarumin} o} arin da suka isa ilmin lissafi aya daga cikin Kudu iyakacin duniya, amma akwai da suka kasance sunã jiran wani mummunan cizon yatsa. All kusa da ta haifa da burbushi na ziyarci nan kafin hammayarsu su. Kwafi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara kasance bayyane skid sleds da kuma kare paws, amma mafi rinjawarwa shaida rinjãyarsu bar tsakanin kankara alfarwa, a kan wanda ya tashi da Norwegian flag. Abin baƙin ciki, da samu daga cikin Kudu iyakacin duniya da aka rasa.

Game da buga cewa shi ne gogaggen 'yan kungiyar, Scott bar diary shigarwar. Munin cizon yatsa shiga Birtaniya a cikin wani real buga. The m dare suka kashe a farke. Su auna tunanin yadda za su duba a gaban mutanen da suka ga daruruwan mil na waƙa a kan garin kankara nahiyar, misãlin kuma fadowa ta wurin fasa, kuma ya taimaka musu kai na karshe stretch na hanyar da dauki hukunci, amma sun kasance m hari.

bala'i

Duk da haka, duk da kome da kome, ya kamata tattara karfin da kuma dawo. Tsakanin rai da mutuwa, an kwantar da takwas mil koma tafiya. Motsi daga daya matsakaici sansanin man fetur da kuma kayayyakin zuwa wani iyakacin duniya catastrophically rasa ƙarfi. Matsayin su, tare da kowane wucewa rana ya zama mafi m. Bayan 'yan kwanaki na tafiya a karon farko cikin sansanin da aka ziyarci da mutuwa - ya mutu ƙarami da su, kuma da jũna jiki iko Edgar Evans. Jikinsa da aka binne a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da kuma hauhawar nauyi kankara floes.

A na gaba wanda aka azabtar ya Lawrence Oates - da shugaban dragoons, da suka tafi da Arewa iyakacin duniya, kore wani kishin kasada. A yanayi na mutuwarsa ne quite na ƙwarai - frostbitten hannuwansu da ƙafãfunsu kuma m, shi ya zama mai nauyi ga comrades, a cikin dare a asirce daga kowa da kowa ya bar wurin zauna ya shiga impenetrable duhu, da yardar Allah wadai da kansu ga mutuwa. Jikinsa ya taba aka samu.

Mafi kusa matsakaici sansanin da aka sani kawai goma sha mil, a lokacin da ba zato ba tsammani ya tashi Blizzard, gaba daya ware da yiwuwar daga kara ci gaba. Uku Englishmen sun kasance a cikin kankara talala, yanke daga duniya, hana abinci da kuma wani damar dimi.

Broken alfarwa, ba shakka, ba zai iya zama wani abu kamar wani abin dogara tsari. Waje iska zazzabi ya auku ga matakin na ^-40 ° C, bi da bi, in babu wani hita, shi ne dan kadan mafi girma. Wannan insidious da Maris Blizzard taba saki da su daga rungumi ...

posthumous line

Bayan wata shida, a lokacin da mai ban tausayi sakamako na balaguro ta bayyana, cikin tawagar ceto da aka aiko a search na iyakacin duniya explorers. Daga m kankara, ta gudanar ya gano sautuka snow tanti da jikin na uku Burtaniya masu bincike - Genri Bauersa, Edvarda Uilsona da kuma Robert Scott kwamandan.

Daga cikin kayansa daga cikin wadanda aka aka samu Scott ta tsarin sautinsu, da kuma cewa mamaki ma'aikatan ceto, bags na ma'aunan kasa samfurori da aka tattara a kan gangara na kankara protruding daga gleiser. Wuce yarda, uku Englishmen nace to ja da duwatsu, ko da akwai kusan babu begen samun ceto.

A cikin bayanin kula, Robert Scott, sun cikakken da kuma bincikar dalilan da suka kai ga ban tausayi sakamako, ya yaba da halin kirki da kuma karfi-so matsayin rakiyar comrades. A ƙarshe, nufin waɗanda a cikin hannãyensu su samun wani diary, ya tambaye su yi duk abin da domin kada su ci gaba da kasancewa watsi da iyalinsa. Ware 'yan Lines na ban kwana da matarsa, Scott umarce ta ta tabbatar da da cewa da ɗan ya samu dace horo da kuma ya iya ci gaba da bincike.

Af, a nan gaba, da ɗansa Peter Scott ya zama shahararren muhalli wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga kariya na duniya albarkatun. Shigowa duniya kawai ganin rana a lokacin da mahaifinsa ya tafi zuwa na karshe a rayuwarsa balaguro, ya rayu a wani cikakke tsufa kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1989.

Jama'a outcry sa bala'i

Ci gaba da labarin, ya kamata a lura da cewa gasar na biyu expeditions, da sakamakon wanda ya bude ga daya daga cikin Kudu iyakacin duniya, da kuma ga sauran - mutuwa ne ƙwarai, m sakamakon. Lokacin kammala bikin na wannan, ba shakka, wani muhimmin Gwargwadon samu, shiru gaisuwa da kuma jawabin mutu tafi tafi, akwai wata tambaya game da halin kirki gefe na abin da ya faru. Babu shakka cewa kaikaitaccen dalilin mutuwar na Birtaniya yana a zurfin ciki, ya sa ta hanyar da nasarar da Amundsen.

Ba wai kawai a kasar Birtaniya amma kuma a cikin Norwegian manema yana kai tsaye zargin da cikin more yan m lashe. Na aika da mai m tambaya: ya da halin kirki dama samu da kuma sosai jarabce su karatu da matsananci latitudes Roald Amundsen zana a fito na fito aikace-aikace m, amma bã tãre da dabarun da suka kamata na Scott da sahabbansa? An shi ba more daidai don ya kira shi zuwa ga gama da wuri ɗaya don su yi mu da tsare-tsaren?

tatsuniya Amundsen

Yadda ya mayar da martani ga wannan Amundsen kuma idan ya zargi kansa ga cewa da gangan ya sa rasuwar Birtaniya abokan aiki - da tambaya za har abada kasance a amsa ba. Duk da haka, da yawa daga waɗanda suka san da Norwegian Explorer, da'awa sun gani hujjõji bayyanannu da ya shafi tunanin mutum da rikice. A musamman, da shaida na iya zama a matsayin ƙoƙarinsa na gafara da jama'a, shi ne ba peculiar wa girman kai, kuma da ɗan m yanayi.

Wasu Malaman tarihi ayan ga tabbacin wanda ba'a yafe kansa da laifi a cikin yanayi na mutuwa da Amundsen. An sani cewa a lokacin rani na 1928 ya yi tafiya zuwa Arctic jirgin, sulivshy ya mutuwa. The zargin cewa ya riga ya annabta kansa mutuwa haddasawa ya dauka horo. Ba wai kawai cewa, Amundsen kawo a cikin tsari kome da kuma biya ta bashi, ya kuma sayar da dukan dukiyarsa, kamar yadda idan akwai aka je dawo.

Shida nahiyoyi a yau

Ko ta wani hanya, da kuma samu daga cikin Kudu iyakacin duniya ta jajirce wajen su, da kuma girmama na ba daya ba zai yi. Yau, a kudancin tip na Duniya ta gudanar da bincike mai yawa. A kan sosai tabo inda da zarar Norwegians tsammani babban rabo, da kuma Birtaniya - mafi girma cizon yatsa a yau ne International iyakacin duniya tashar "Amundsen - Scott." Sunanta aka invisibly sõyayya wadannan biyu intrepid nasara matsananci latitudes. Godiya a gare su, da iyakacin duniya ta Kudu a duniya, ana riskarsa a yau a matsayin wani abu saba da kyau kusakusa suke.

A watan Disamba, 1959 da aka ƙãre na duniya yarjejeniya a kan Antarctica, da farko hannu ta goma sha biyu da jihohi. A cewar wannan takarda, kowace ƙasa na da hakkin ya yi bincike kan dukan na nahiyar kudu na sixtieth latitud.

Saboda wannan a yau, da yawa bincike tashoshin a Antarctica ne masu tasowa mafi m kimiyya shirye-shirye. Yau akwai fiye da hamsin. A zubar da masana kimiyya ba kawai terrestrial wajen iko a kan yanayi, amma kuma jirgin sama da kuma ko da tauraron dan adam. Yana yana cikin wakilan on shida nahiyar da kuma Rasha Kasa Society. Daga cikin data kasance shuke-shuke akwai Tsohon soji, kamar "Bellingshausen" da "Friendly 4", da kuma gwada da sabon - "Rasha" da "Ci gaba". Duk abin ya nuna cewa a cikin kwanaki ba dakatar da babban Gwargwadon binciken.

A takaice dai tarihi na yadda jarumi Norwegian kuma Birtaniya matafiya, Arewacin hadari, ya nemi da lura manufa, amma a general iya kai duk da tashin hankali da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na wadannan al'amura. Wrong to kula da yaki ne kawai a matsayin gwagwarmaya na sirri burinsu. Lalle, muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shi buga ta a ƙishirwa for samu da kuma gina a kan gaskiya kishin kasa, da so don tabbatar da girma na kasar.