Shugaban kasar Syria Hafez Asad: biography, iyali

Hafez al-Assad (Oktoba 6, 1930 - Yuni 10, 2000, Damascus) - Syria siyasa, "Baath" jam'iyyar Sakatare Janar, da firayin ministan kasar Syria (1970-1971) da kuma Shugaba (1971-2000).

asalin

Hafez Asad, wanda biography fara a kauyen Kardahe a Latakia lardin, an haife shi a wani iyali cewa nasa ne da Alawite addini al'umma. Uwãyensa sun kasance NASA da kuma Ali Suleiman al-Assad. Hafez ya tara dan Ali, da kuma na hudu na biyu da aure. Uba yana da goma sha yara da aka san shi da ƙarfi ne, kuma marksmanship.

Assad iyali zo daga Suleiman al-Vahhisha, kakan, Hafeza Asada, wanda kuma ya zauna a arewacin Syria duwãtsu a kauyen Kardahe. Yan unguwa lakabi shi Vahhish sunan, wanda ke nufin "daji dabba" a cikin Larabci. A lokacin yakin duniya na farko, da Ottoman gwamnan Vilayet Aleppo Kardahi aika sojoji zuwa yankin da tattara haraji da kuma daukar ma'aikata na sabon recruits. Sun ci su da wani detachment na manoma, a karkashin jagorancin Suleiman Al-Vahhishem, ko da yake dauke da makamai 'yan tawaye sun kawai takuba da haihuwa muskets.

Hafez Asad ma zai iya zama m mahaifinsa Ali Suleymanom, wanda aka haifa a 1875. Kamar yadda wani sosai girmamawa daga cikin yan unguwa, ya saɓa wa Faransa zama na Syria bayan yakin duniya na farko. Assad ya laƙabi, wanda ke nufin "zaki", ya sanya sunansa a cikin shekara ta 1927. Sun zauna har shekara ta 1963, ya samu damar ganin wata sauka a hankali m da ɗan babban iko a cikin kasa.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma shekaru na binciken

Alawites farko tsayayya da wani hadade Syria jihar, saboda suka yi zaton cewa su kasa tsirarun matsayi ba zai bari su yi shi rightful matsayi. Kuma mahaifinsa Hafez goyon wadannan sentiments. Lokacin da Faransa bar Syria, da yawa Suriyawa ba su yarda da su haihuwa Alawite goyon baya ga Faransa. Hafez Asad Alawite bar ƙasarsa ta kauye da ya fara da ilimi yana da shekaru tara, a cikin Sunni Latakia (Ahlus ne babban addini al'umma na dukan Musulmi, na biyu mafi girma ne al'umma Shi'a, Alawites kuma wanda kafa uku a addini sharuddan). Ya kasance na farko a cikin iyali ya halarci makarantar sakandare, amma a Latakia Assad fuskanci manifestations na addini da adãwa da 'yan Sunni. Hafez Assad Mãdalla da dalibi, ta lashe lambobin yabo da dama ga ilimi nasara a cikin shekaru game da shekaru 14.

Samuwar ra'ayin siyasa,

Asad ya rayu a cikin matalauta yawanci Alawite rabo Latakia. Don shige zuwa cikin rinjaye yanayi a kusa, ya yi zabi, don tallafa wa wata jam'iyyar siyasa da ta al'ada maraba Alawites. Wadannan jam'iyyun sun Syria jam'iyyar kwaminis Syria zamantakewa kasa jam'iyyar (SSNP) da kuma Arab jam'iyyar "Baath". Assad ya shiga karshen a shekarar 1946, ko da yake wasu daga cikin abokansa mallakar SSNP. Jam'iyyar "Babic" ( "Revival") sõyayya da ra'ayin samar da wani hadade Arab jihar tare da wani gurguzu akida.

Fara ayyukan a cikin jam'iyyar "Babic"

Assad ya aiki a cikin jam'iyyar, da Oganeza na dalibi Kwayoyin, "Babic" da kuma agitator ga ra'ayin da Baathists a cikin matalauta strata na Latakia da ƙauyukanta Alawi. Ya yi tsayayya da 'yan'uwa musulmi, wanda aka goyan bayan masu kudi da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya Musulmi iyalansu. A makarantar sakandare mu koyi zo daga duka attajirai da matalauta segments na al'umma. Hafez Asad ne quite halitta domin shi ya shiga da matalauta, da Sunni Muslim Youth na jam'iyyar "Babic", wanda aka yi tsayayya da mambobi ne na Muslim Brotherhood. A wannan lokacin da dama matasa 'yan Sunni sun zama abokansa. Wasu daga cikin su zai zama daga baya kuma da siyasa majiɓinta.

Duk da yake har yanzu sosai matasa, Assad ya zama quite shahararren a cikin jam'iyyar a matsayin Oganeza da recruiter, ya kasance shugaban Baath kwamitin na dalibai na makarantar daga 1949 zuwa 1950. A lokacin da siyasa aiki a makaranta, sai ya sadu da mutane da yawa suka bauta masa, a lokacin da ya zama shugaban kasa.

soja aiki

A 1950, Hafez Asad bar makaranta. Ya mafarkansu na zama likita, amma ga tara dan iyali shi ne ba da kudi don nazarin. Just a wannan lokaci, wani saurayi Syria Jamhuriyar fara samar da nasu sojoji, da kuma matasa siyasa da aka miƙa don zuwa wani makarantar aikin soja a birnin Homs. Ya amince, amma nan da nan canjawa wuri zuwa wani jirgin makaranta a Aleppo, wanda ya kammala a shekara ta 1955, ya karbi na farko daraja na leftana na Syria Air Force. By wannan shekara, ya shafi ya aure to Mahluf Anicet da suka zama kawai abokin rayuwa.

A lokacin da Suez rikicin, Assad da aka je zuwa Misira kamar yadda wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar soja matukan jirgi a cikin goyon bayan shugaban kasar Nasser a cikin adawa da United Kingdom da kuma Amurka. A shekara ta 1957, shi ne ya aiko da Tarayyar Soviet don tara ga watan horo dabara MiG-17 horar da.

A shekarar 1958, a karkashin tasirin da kasa kwanon rufi-larabawa ne aka kafa a matsayin wani ɓangare na United Arab Jamhuriyar Syria da kuma Misira karkashin jagorancin Gamal Abdel Nasser. Assad sun yi tsayayya da tarayya, domin ya dauke da cewa Siriya ta bukatu a shi infringed kan. Duk da haka, duk da cewa da yawa Baathists an cire daga jama'a sabis a wannan lokaci, Assad ya zauna a cikin sojojin da suka tafi a kan yin wani aiki.

Bayan jerin soja juyin mulki ne aka fara narkar da Syria ta ƙawance da Misira, a 1961, sa'an nan kuma akwai wata sa'a Maris 8, 1963. Bisa ga sakamakon da jam'iyyar "Babic" kafa gwamnatin, don fara da gurguzu canji, kuma Captain al-Assad, wanda ya kasance mai aiki takara a wadannan al'amura, da sauri suka tafi a kan gabatarwa.

Ya aka ciyar da su da manyan sa'an nan Laftanar Kanar, da kuma ta karshen shekara ta 1963, a karkashin jagorancin Syria Air Force. By karshen shekarar 1964 aka nada shugaban Air Force tare da daraja na Major General. Assad ya gata Air Force jami'in, nada ta proxies to duk muhimmanci posts kuma Ya halitta, wani tasiri leken asiri da Air Force, wanda ya zama m daga sauran hukumomin leken asiri a Syria. Ta halshen saitin, a waje da iko na Air Force. Assad yana shirya kansa domin wani aiki gwagwarmayar iko.

Hawan zuwa ga shugaban kasa

A shekarar 1966, bayan wani juyin mulkin soja, wanda bai sanya gagarumin canje-canje a cikin harkokin siyasa Hakika na kasar, da aka nada sabon ministan tsaron na Syria, wanda ya zama Hafez Assad. Bayan da shan kashi a cikin shida Day War a 1967 a kan Isra'ila, da gwamnatin kasar Syria da aka ragu. Yayin da a zahiri shine mulkin Siriya ya Salah Jadid, wanda ya ƙa'ida a post na mataimakin sakataren janar na jam'iyyar "Baath".

A kokarinsa na ikon Assad na farko da aka yi a shekarar 1968, su ja da baya sarrafawa Jadida firaministan kasar Yusuf al-Zuayina, kuma a shekarar 1970 hambararren da kansa Jadida, wanda aka kama shi kuma ya zauna a cikin kurkuku har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1993.

A shekarar 1970, wani sabon firaministan kasar Siriya - Hafez Asad, kuma tun shekara ta 1971 da kuma shugaban kasar (ya sake zaben da aka gudanar a shekarar 1978, 1985 da kuma 1991.). A kasashen waje da manufofin, ya ci gaba da baya da manufofin na rapprochement tare da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma adawa da Amurka da kuma Isra'ila. Amma a cikin Yom Kippur War a 1973, Syria ya iya warke kawai karamin sashi na Golan Heights, shagaltar da Isra'ila tun 1967.

Hafez Assad - Shugaba

Babban al'amudin da iko ya sojojin da hukumomin leken asiri. Ya yi kokarin kawo canji a kasar da kuma karfafa ta soja iko. Duk da haka, kokarin haifar da wani adawa da mafiya yawa daga cikin kasashen Larabawa a cikin yankin da kuma na kasa da kasa kadaici. Amma yayin da Assad ya zaman lafiyar harkokin siyasa na Syria a karon farko tun samun 'yancin kanta. Idan Assad gwamnati a Lebanon ne ainihin Syria mamayar da aka kafa a shekarar 1976, wanda ya tsaya da m yakin basasa da kuma hare-haren da Isra'ila. Kishin Islama da 'yan'uwa musulmi violently adawa da Assad sun, amma aka suppressed a 1982 a lokacin da boren, da aka sani da kisan kiyashin a Hama.

A kasar, akwai wani pronounced daba na hali na shugaban kasa, aka shigar da tagulla mutummutumai a tsakiyar murabba'ai manyan birane a kasar. Posters da hoto qawata facades na gine-gine.

A farko Gulf War tsakanin Iraki da Iran na 1980-1988. ya goyan bayan Iran a Persian Gulf War daga shekarar 1990 zuwa shekarar 1991, ya dauki bangare a cikin anti-Iraq hadaka. A cikin shekarun 1990s, Assad ya juya zuwa ga West kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya jihohi Arabia don sauƙaƙe tattaunawar zaman lafiya tare da Isra'ila, wanda, duk da haka, ya kasa.

Family da kuma maye

A Hafez da Anisy Asadov da 'ya'ya biyar, maza hudu da kuma' ya mace. A rabo daga 'ya'yansa uku ya ban tausayi: biyu daga cikinsu an kashe da kuma wani na uku da aka kashe a cikin yakin basasa. A wannan yaki, an kashe shi ne da mijinta Asad yar.

The kawai suka tsira daga cikin zuriyarsa ne, - ɗa na biyu, Bashar al-Assad. Kamar yadda babban dan da kuma magajin Bassel mutu a 1994 a wani hadarin mota, sa'an nan ya wãyi gari mahaifinsa gade a matsayin shugaban kasar na Syria. Don 34-shekara Bashar al-Assad iya fara wannan post a 2000, kundin tsarin mulki da aka musamman modified haka da cewa mafi ƙarancin shekaru domin shugaba fadi daga 40 zuwa 34 da shekaru.