Synapse - wannan ... gina wani synapse. Juyayi, murdede da kuma sinadaran synapse

Synapse - a tsare lamba yankin sprouting na jijiya Kwayoyin da sauran wadanda ba excitable da excitable Kwayoyin cewa samar da watsa bayanai sigina. Synapse morphologically kafa tuntužar membranes 2 Kwayoyin. A membrane aka alaka da appendages na jijiya Kwayoyin, da ake kira presynaptic membrane na wani cell, wanda ya karbi wata sigina, na biyu na ta sunan - postsynaptic. Tare da kasancewa postsynaptic membrane iya zama interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular da neurosecretory. Maganar synapse da aka gabatar a 1897 by Charles Sherrington (Eng. Physiologist).

Mene ne wani synapse?

Synapse - musamman tsarin, wanda ya samar da watsa jijiya fiber jijiya turu zuwa wani jijiya zaruruwa ko jijiya cell, da kuma cewa ya faru sakamako a kan jijiya fiber daga tsoka mai amsa sigina cell (lamba yankin tare da juna jijiya Kwayoyin, da sauran na tsarin jijiya zaruruwa), biyu jijiya Kwayoyin bukatar .

Synapse - karamin ofishin a ƙarshen neuron. Tare da taimakon ne da canja wurin da bayanai daga farko zuwa na biyu neuron. Synapse ne a sassa uku na jijiya Kwayoyin. Har ila yau synapses ne a cikin wuri inda jijiya cell zo a cikin dangane da daban-daban gland ko tsokoki na jiki.

Abin da shi ne a cikin synapse

A tsarin da synapse yana da sauki kewaye. An kafa na 3 guda, kowanne daga abin da takamaiman ayyuka ake yi a lokacin data watsa. Saboda haka, irin wannan tsarin iya kira a synapse dace da jijiya turu watsa. Kai tsaye a kan aiwatar da bayanai canja wurin shafi biyu main Kwayoyin: saninsu da watsarwa. presynaptic tashoshi da aka yada a karshen axon sel (na farko da wani ɓangare na synapse). Yana iya shafar cell don fara da neurotransmitters (wannan kalma tana da wasu ma'anoni: shiga tsakani shiga tsakani ko neurotransmitters) - wasu sinadaran abubuwa, inda tsakanin 2 neurons aiwatar da canja wurin da sakonni.

Synaptic kogon shi ne tsakiyar ɓangare na synapses - shi ne mai tsawon tsakanin 2 reacts jijiya Kwayoyin. Ta hanyar wannan rata da kuma shiga Kwayoyin da yada wani lantarki bugun jini. A karshe ɓangare na wani synapse aka dauke su receptive na cell, wanda shi ne karshen postsynaptic (gutsure tuntužar Kwayoyin tare da daban-daban m rabe a cikin tsarin).

shiga tsakani da synapse

Mai shiga tsakani (daga Latin Media - watsawa, matsakanci ko tsakiya). Irin wannan shiga tsakani synapse da muhimmanci sosai a watsa daga m turu.

Morphological bambanci na hana ruwa guda kuma excitatory synapses ne cewa su ba su da wani saki inji na neurotransmitter. Mai shiga tsakani a hana ruwa guda synapses, da kuma sauran motor neuron hana ruwa guda synapses yana dauke da wani amino acid glycine. Amma da birki ko da m yanayin da synapse ba m da su shiga tsakani, da kuma dũkiyar postsynaptic membrane. Alal misali, acetylcholine bada haramta motsa sakamako a neuromuscular synapse tashoshi (vagus jijiyoyi a cikin myocardium).

Acetylcholine ne neurotransmitter a cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission (presynaptic membrane aka buga karshen laka motor neuron), a cikin synapse a kan Renshaw Kwayoyin a cikin presynaptic m, sunadarin gumi, medulla nadpochenikov a cikin hanji da kuma synapse a ganglia na m juyayi tsarin. Atsetilholi-nesterazu da acetylcholine ma samu a wata sulusi da murabba'i na sassa daban daban na kwakwalwa, wani lokacin a cikin manyan lambobi, amma wasu fiye da cholinergic synapse a kan Kwayoyin Renshaw ya ba tukuna kasance iya gane sauran cholinergic synapses. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da m matsakanci acetylcholine aiki a tsakiya m tsarin ne sosai m.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine da epinephrine) suna dauke adrenergic shiga tsakani. Epinephrine kuma norepinephrine an hada a ƙarshe na m jijiya a cikin kwakwalwa adrenal cell, kwakwalwa da kuma laka. Amino acid (tyrosine kuma L-phenylalanine) a matsayin fara abu da kuma kira na adrenaline karshe samfurin. Intermediate abu, wanda ya hada da norepinephrine da dopamine, kuma ku tsayar da aiki na neurotransmitters a synapse, halitta a cikin endings na m jijiyoyi. Wannan aiki zai iya zama ko dai wani birki (hanji secretory gland shine yake, da dama sphincters da Bronchial m tsoka, kuma hanji) ko excitatory (m tsoka sphincters da kuma wasu jini, tsokar synapse - norepinephrine, a cerebral nuclei podkrovnyh - dopamine).

Lokacin da cikakken su aiki na synapse neurotransmitters, catecholamine tunawa da presynaptic jijiya ƙarewa, da kuma transmembrane kai aka hada da. A lokacin sha shiga tsakani synapses kare daga wanda bai kai ba? Ãr kan dogon da kuma m aiki.

Synapse: na asali iri da kuma ayyuka

Langley a 1892, an nuna cewa, synaptic watsa a cikin autonomic ganglia na dabbobi masu shayarwa ba wani lantarki yanayi, da kuma sinadaran. Bayan shekaru 10, Elliott an gano cewa, adrenaline daga adrenal gland samu daga wannan illa da matsayin ruri daga m jijiyoyi.

Sa'an nan zaci cewa adrenaline m secreted da neurons kan zumudi da kuma fito da wani jijiya ƙarewa. Amma a 1921, Lawi ya yi da kwarewa, wanda ya kafa yanayin da sinadaran watsa a synapses tsakanin vegetative zuciya da kuma vagus jijiyoyi. Ya cika da rana zuciya tasoshin da Saline da kara kuzari da vagus jijiya, da samar da wani jinkirin bugun zuciya. Lokacin da ruwa da aka canjawa wuri daga hana cardiac ruri nestimulirovanoe zuciya ne ya doke sannu a hankali. A bayyane yake, ruri na vagus jijiya ya sa saki retarding wakili a cikin bayani. Acetylcholine cikakken haifa sakamakon wannan abu. A 1930, aikin acetylcholine a synaptic watsa a ganglia na autonomic juyayi tsarin har abada shigar Feldberg da sandarsa.

sinadaran synapse

A sunadarai synapse, ta sha bamban watsa hangula tare da taimakon wani matsakanci da presinapsa a kan postsinaps. Saboda haka, bambanci a cikin ilimin halittar jiki na da sinadaran synapse. A sunadarai synapse ne mafi kowa a vertebrate CNS. Yana yanzu, aka sani cewa neuron ne iya ware da kuma haduwa da wani biyu masu shiga tsakani da (shiga tsakani coexisting). Neurons ma da neurotransmitter plasticity - da ikon canja manyan matsakanci a lokacin ci gaba.

Neuromuscular synapse

Wannan synapse watsa zumudi, amma wannan dangantaka iya karya saukar da wani iri-iri dalilai. Canja wuri ƙare a lokacin ejection na kawancen a synaptic kogon acetylcholine, kuma a lokacin da yake tsare a wuce haddi na yankin na postsynaptic membrane. A jam'i na poisons da kwayoyi shafi kama, fitarwa wanda aka nasaba da acetylcholine rabe na postsynaptic membrane, alhãli kuwa tsoka synapse tubalan riwayar zumudi. Da kwayoyin mutu a lokacin shaƙa da kuma daina numfashi tsokoki.

Botulism - da ake dasu toxin a synapse, shi tubalan riwayar zumudi, shattering a cikin presynaptic m gina jiki syntaxin, tare da yawan amfanin ƙasa a cikin synaptic kogon acetylcholine. Da dama fama guba abubuwa guda pharmacologic jamiái (neostigmine methylsulfate da neostigmine), kazalika da kwari toshe madugu na zumudi a neuromuscular synapse amfani inactivate acetylcholinesterase - wani enzyme cewa karya saukar da acetylcholine. Saboda haka, akwai wani jari na acetylcholine a synaptic membrane yanki rage-rage ji na ƙwarai to matsakanci, an yi ta da postsynaptic membranes, nutsewa a cikin cytosol tsoka mai amsa sigina naúrar. Acetylcholine ne m, da kuma synapse ana katange.

Synapse juyayi: siffofin da kuma gyara

Synapse - a dangane lamba batu tsakanin biyu Kwayoyin. Kuma kowanne daga cikinsu ta'allaka ne a electrogenic membrane. M synapse kunshi uku babban aka gyara: da postsynaptic membrane, synaptic kogon da presynaptic membrane. Postsynaptic membrane - a jijiya ƙarewa, wanda kara da tsoka da kuma saukar da cikin tsoka nama. A cikin yankin na presynaptic vesicles shi ne - rufaffiyar rami tare da mai shiga tsakani. Su ne ko da yaushe a motsi.

Gabatowa da membrane na jijiya endings, vesicles ci tare da shi, da kuma matsakanci da dama a cikin synaptic kogon. A daya jimla neurotransmitter vesicle ƙunshi mitochondria kuma (su ne zama dole ga kira na neurotransmitter - primary makamashi Madogararsa), kara acetylcholine aka hada daga choline kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da enzyme atsetilholintransferrazy sarrafa a cikin atsetilSoA).

Synaptic kogon daga cikin post- da presynaptic membranes

A daban-daban synapses girman da rata dabam. Wannan sarari mai cike da interstitial ruwa, a cikinta akwai wata matsakanci. Postsynaptic membrane rufe wurin lamba tare da jijiya ƙarewa a innervated cell mionevralnom synapse. A wasu synapses a postsynaptic membrane halitta ninka karin lamba yankin.

Ƙarin abubuwa kunshe a cikin postsynaptic membrane

A cikin yankin na postsynaptic membrane ƙunshi da wadannan sinadaran:

- tsoka mai amsa sigina (acetylcholine tsoka mai amsa sigina a mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (yana da babban kama da acetylcholine). Wannan gina jiki ne ba electrophilic karshen da ion kai. Head shiga synaptic kogon, wani hulda da cationic shugaban acetylcholine. Saboda wannan hulda ne da wani canji a cikin postsynaptic membrane depolarization sa'an nan ya auku, da kuma bayyanar da yiwuwar dogara da Na-tashoshi. Depolarization na membrane ba a dauke a matsayin wata irin baiwa tsari.

- Gradualen ta yuwuwar a kan postsynaptic membrane dogara da yawan masu shiga tsakani, da cewa shi ne halin da dukiya yuwuwar na gida excitations.

- Cholinesterase - dauke su mai gina jiki wanda yana da enzymatic aiki. Bisa ga tsarin shi ne kama da choline tsoka mai amsa sigina kuma suna da kama da kaddarorin da acetylcholine. Cholinesterase karya saukar da acetylcholine, da farko daya da ake dangantawa da cholinergic rabe. A karkashin mataki na acetylcholine tsoka mai amsa sigina kawar da acetylcholine esterase kafa repolarization na postsynaptic membrane. Acetylcholine cleaved zuwa choline da acetic acid dole ga tsoka nama trophism.

Tare da mai inganci kai aka nuna a kan presynaptic membrane choline, shi ne amfani da haduwa da wani sabon neurotransmitter. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da neurotransmitter canje-canje a cikin permeability na postsynaptic membrane, da kuma wani cholinesterase ji na ƙwarai kuma permeability ya koma ga na farko darajar. Chemoreceptors ne iya hulɗa tare da sabon shiga tsakani.