Von Neumann gine: tarihin abin da ya faru na lokaci

The gine na von Neumann, kuma aka sani da von Neumann model, ko Princeton gine-gine, dangane da hanyar da aka bayyana a cikin shekarar 1945, lissafi da likita John von Neumann a cikin rahoton "The farko daftarin" na kwamfuta EDVAC.

A kewaye gine

Rahoton ya bayyana da von Neumann gine zane da lantarki digital kwamfuta tare da sassa kunshi aiki raka'a, hada da:

• wani ilmin lissafi dabaru naúrar.
• rajista da processor.
• kula da naúrar hada da wani wa'azi littãfi da shirin counter.
• a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar adanar bayanai;
• na waje ajiya na'urar.
• shigar da fitarwa sunadaran.

Ma'anar ci gaba kunshi a gaskiyar cewa duk wani bayani da aka adana a kan kwamfuta bayanai za a iya amfani da shirin, a cikin abin da aiki, da aka zaɓa data ba za a iya taka leda a lokaci guda, saboda su raba na kowa bas. Yana aka ambata a cikin "na farko daftarin", abin da ya bayyana masanin kimiyya tunani game da abin da gine-gine ya kamata. Von Neumann kira wannan halin da ake ciki "bottleneck", wanda sau da yawa ya takaita wasan kwaikwayon na tsarin.

Ka'idojin von Neumann gine

Digital kwamfuta - kwamfuta, adanar mai shirin cewa qunshi shirin umarnin, data karatu, rubuce-rubuce, da kuma ma ya hada da bazuwar damar ƙwaƙwalwar (RAM). Principles of Architecture by John von Neumann kayyade a cikin aikinsa "The aikin farko." A cewar shi, kwakwalwa adana a cikin shirin memory kasance kyautata kan iko da kwakwalwa, kamar ENIAC. A karshen da aka kaddara ta kafa da sauya, da kuma sa na yi faci, sakamakon bayar da kwatance data da kuma kula da sakonni tsakanin daban-daban aikin tubalan. A mafi yawan memory ana amfani da zamani kwakwalwa a cikin wannan hanya. Kamar wancan kwamfuta gine von Neumann ne daban-daban, misali, daga Harvard, saboda haka bai yi amfani da babban da cache memory.

prehistory

A farko kwakwalwa aka bai wa wani ajali shirin. Wasu sosai sauki kwakwalwa har yanzu amfani da wannan zane ko for sauki ko horo dalilai. Alal misali, a tebur kalkuleta ne ma a kwamfuta tare da wani ajali shirin. Yana iya aiki tare da kayan yau da kullum na lissafi, amma ba za a iya amfani da wata kalma processor , ko wani wasannin bidiyo. Canza gyarawa inji shirin na bukatar rewiring, sake fasalin kudin ko reorganization na na'ura. A farkon kwakwalwa kasance ba haka ba kunkuntar, kamar yadda suka yi da aka ɓullo da farko, kuma ga kimiyya dalilai. Reprogramming bayyana da yawa daga baya kuma shi ne mai laborious tsari, tun da block zane-zane da kuma banknotes da kuma kawo karshen cikakken kayayyaki. Musamman wuya ya aiwatar da modernization daga cikin jiki inji dawo da tashoshi. Yana iya ɗaukar makonni uku da kafuwa a kan ENIAC da kuma kokarin yin aiki da shi.

Wani sabon ra'ayin

Tare da kwamfuta, adanar mai shirin a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar, duk abin da ya canja. Adana a ƙwaƙwalwar, su ne zane tare da wani sa na umarni. Wannan yana nufin cewa da na'ura iya nan da nan samun wani sa na umarnin a gudanar da wani lissafin.

The zane na wannan shirye-shirye da dangantaka da kai-gyaggyarawa code. Daya daga cikin na farko shuke-shuke ga irin wannan abu ya kasance a bukatar wani algorithm don ƙara ko in ba haka ba canza adireshin bangare na dokokin. Ya aka sanya hannu a farkon kayayyaki. Wannan ya zama kasa mai muhimmanci a lokacin da index rajista da kuma kai tsaye ba jawabi ya zama na kowa halaye mallaki by kwamfuta gine na John von Neumann inji. Waɗansu amfãnõni - to saka akai-akai used data a rafi na dokokin tare da bata da mafita. Amma da kai-gyaggyarawa code to babban har an soki saboda shi ne yawanci wuya a gane da kuma cire kuskure. Bugu da kari, ya kuma tabbatar da m cikin sharuddan haifuwa da kuma caching makircinsu na zamani sarrafawa.

By kuma manyan, da ikon mu bi umarnin a matsayin data - wannan shi ne abin da ke sa assemblers, compilers, assemblers, Radlader da sauran kayan da zai yiwu abubuwa na sarrafa kansa shirye-shirye. Saboda haka ya yi magana, to ka rubuta shirye-shirye da rubuta shirye-shirye. A kan wani karami sikelin, maimaituwa m shigar da fitarwa ayyukan, kamar BitBlt-image jan m ko pixel da kokuwa shaders a zamani 3D-graphics, an same su zama m zuwa gudu ba tare da mai amfani da kayan aiki.

Development of wani ra'ayi adana a cikin shirin memory

Lissafi Alan Turing, wanda yana da wani amfani a cikin matsalar na ilmin lissafi dabaru bayan Max Newman ta laccoci a Cambridge University, rubuta wata kasida a cikin 1936, an buga shi a cikin edition na London Ilmin Lissafi Society. A da shi, ya bayyana wani misali ne inji, wanda ya kira "duniya sarrafa kwamfuta inji", da kuma wanda aka yanzu da aka sani a matsayin duniya Turing na'ura. Ta yi iyaka ajiya (a cikin zamani terminology - memory), wanda dauke da duka biyu umarnin da bayanai, wanda aka halitta da kuma gine-gine. Von Neumann ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa Turing a lokacin da ya kasance a ziyartar farfesa ne, a Cambridge a shekarar 1935, kuma a cikin shakka daga kare doctoral dissertation a Turing Institute for Advanced Nazarin a Princeton (New Jersey) a 1936-1937.

Da kansa Ji Presper Eckert da Dzhon Mochli, wanda ɓullo da ENIAC School of Engineering Banana a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ya rubuta game da manufar da na'ura, wanda Stores shirin a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar a watan Disamba 1943. A lokacin da shirin wani sabon na'ura, da EDVAC, Eckert rubuta a cikin Janairu 1944 cewa shi zai adana bayanai da kuma shirye-shirye a cikin sabon na'urar addressable memory amfani da ƙarfe Mercury da bata lokaci ba. Da shi shi ne karo na farko da gina wani yi inji cewa Stores shirin a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da aka samarwa. A lokaci guda, ya kuma Mauchly kasance ba ku sani na aikin Turing (hoton da ke ƙasa).

Computer gine: Von Neumann manufa

Von Neumann aka hannu a cikin "Manhattan Project" a National Laboratory a Los Alamos, wanda ake bukata a babbar adadin ƙidãyar. Yana da janyo hankalin shi zuwa aikin a lokacin rani na 1944 ENIAC. Akwai ya shiga cikin tattaunawa kan ci gaban EDVAC kwamfuta. A cikin wannan kungiyar, ya rubuta wata takarda mai taken "A farko daftarin rahoton a kan EDVAC», dangane da aikin Eckert da Mauchly. Yana da aka ba a kare ba a lokacin da takwaransa Goldstein rarraba aikin da von Neumann (af, Eckert da Mauchly aka stunned wannan labarai). Wannan daftarin aiki da aka karanta da dama daga abokan aiki von Neumann a Amurka da Turai da kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan gaba mataki na kwamfuta ci gaba.

A ka'idodi na von Neumann gine-gine, kamar yadda aka saita fito a cikin "na farko daftarin," tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa, yayin da Turing rufe ta rahoto a kan lantarki kalkuleta, wanda aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, a kan aikin injiniya da kuma shirye-shirye. An bayyana da kuma gabatar da marubucin mota, wanda aka kira da Atomatik kwamfuta Engine (ACE). Ya gabatar da shi ga kwamitin zartarwa na Birtaniya National jiki Laboratory a shekarar 1946. Bayan wani lokaci har ma da nasara aiwatar da daban-daban ACE kayayyaki da aka samar.

fara ayyukan

Kuma da aikin na von Neumann da Turing takardun bayyana a kwamfuta adanar a ƙwaƙwalwar wani takamaiman shirin, amma da labarin Von Neumann cimma mafi girma wurare dabam dabam a cikin al'umma, da kuma kwamfuta gine zama da aka sani John von Neumann gine.

A shekarar 1945, Farfesa Neumann, wanda sa'an nan ya yi aiki a cikin aikin injiniya makaranta a Philadelphia, inda ya fara ENIAC aka gina, bayar a madadin daga cikin abokan aiki bayar da rahoton a kan ma'ana zane na dijital kwakwalwa. A rahoton na samar da wani fairly cikakken tsari domin gina da na'ura, wanda ya zama tun da aka sani da EDVAC. Ta kawai kwanan nan aka kafa a Amurka, amma da wani rahoto ya yi wahayi zuwa ga halittar von Neumann EDSAC.

Maniacs da Joniacs

A shekarar 1947, Burks, Goldstein da von Neumann buga wani rahoton abin da ya rufe da gina wani irin mota (wannan lokaci a layi daya), wanda ya kamata ya zama musamman azumi, m, watakila, don gudanar da up to 20,000 ayyukan da na biyu. Sun lura da cewa, warware matsalar matsala a gina shi ne da ci gaban da ta dace memory, duk abinda ke ciki na wanda dole ne nan da nan akwai. Na farko, su samarwa don amfani na musamman injin tube, da ake kira Selectron, wanda aka ƙãga a Princeton dakin gwaje-gwaje. Irin wannan shambura ne tsada, da kuma sanya su wuya sosai, musamman idan kana amfani da wannan gine. Von Neumann baya yanke shawarar gina wata mota bisa Williams ta ƙwaƙwalwar. Wannan inji, wanda aka kammala a cikin watan Yuni 1952, a Princeton, ya zama yadu da aka sani Maniac (ko kawai Maniacs). Its zane da aka yi wahayi zuwa da halittawa a kan yi na rabin dozin ko fiye kama na'urorin, wanda yanzu ana gina a Amurka da kuma kira comic Johniacs.

halittar ka'idodin

Daya daga cikin na zamani dijital kwakwalwa, embodying ci gaba da kuma kyautata a cikin dabara na atomatik lantarki ƙidãyar da aka nuna a National jiki Laboratory a Teddington, inda aka tsara da kuma gina ta da wani karamin rukuni na lissafi, injiniyoyi da bincike injiniyoyi, tare da taimako da dama samar da injiniyoyi daga English Electric Company Ltd. A kayan aiki ne har yanzu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, amma kawai a matsayin samfur na wani yawa ya fi girma shuka, wanda aka sani a matsayin Atomatik kwamfuta Engine. Amma, duk da mun gwada da kananan nauyi da kuma abun ciki na kawai 800 thermionic bawuloli, shi ne wani musamman azumi da kuma m kirgawa na'ura.

Basic Concepts, kuma m ka'idojin lissafi yin amfani da inji an tsara ta Dr. Turing a kan tushen da wannan London Ilmin Lissafi Society a 1936, amma yin aiki a kan irin wannan inji a UK da aka jinkirta ta da yaƙi. A shekarar 1945, jarrabawa daga cikin matsalolin da samar da irin wannan na'urorin ya ci gaba a National jiki Laboratory Dr. Vormsli, Sufeto na sashen ilimin lissafi Laboratory. Ya shiga cikin Turing da kananan tawagar masana, da kuma zuwa 1947 na farko shiryawa da aka isasshe m zuwa baratar da kafa musamman kungiyar.

A farko kwakwalwa a kan von Neumann gine

Aikin farko ya bayyana a makirci da cewa an yi amfani da mutane da yawa jami'o'i da kamfanoni, don gina nasu kwakwalwa. Daga gare su, kawai ILLIAC ORDVAC da kuma jituwa umurci sets.

Gargajiya von Neumann gine na bayyana karara a Manchester kananan gwaji inji (SSEM), lakabi Baby, a Jami'ar Manchester, wanda ya sanya farko nasara ƙaddamar da na'urar da cewa riko da wannan shirin memory, 21 Yuni 1948.

EDSAC University of Cambridge, na farko m lantarki kwamfuta na wannan irin, aka kaddamar nasarar karo na farko a watan Mayu 1949.

A ci gaba da halitta model

IBM SSEC samu damar la'akari da umarnin a matsayin data da aka fili nuna Janairu 27, 1948. Wannan ikon da aka tabbatar a cikin US Pat. Duk da haka, shi ya partially electromechanical na'ura, maimakon mai cikakken lantarki. A yi, da umarnin da aka karanta daga takarda tef saboda ta iyakance memory.

Baby shi ne na farko da cikakken lantarki kwamfuta gudu da adana shirye-shirye. Yana factoring shirin gudu for 52 minutes, 21 Yuni 1948 bayan fara da wani sauki lissafi rarraba lissafi wanda ya nuna cewa biyu lambobi ne coprime.

ENIAC aka modified aiki a matsayin mai m kwamfuta na karanta kawai, amma a kan wannan gine-gine, da kuma da aka nuna ta hanyar Satumba 16, 1948, da kuma kaddamar da Adele Goldstein shirin shirya tare da taimakon von Neumann.

BINAC ciyar da dama gwajin shirye-shirye a cikin watan Fabrairu, Maris da Afrilu 1949, ko da yake an ba su kammala sai Satumba 1949. Bugu da kari, gwajin runs aka za'ayi (wasu nasara) da sauran lantarki kwakwalwa, wanda shi ne halayyar da gine-gine. Von Neumann, ta hanyar, da kuma ci gaba da aiki a kan "Manhattan" aikin. Wannan irin wannan m mutum.

Juyin Halitta daga bas tsarin gine-gine

Ta hanyar da shekarun da suka gabata, riga a cikin 60s da 70s, kwakwalwa a general sun zama karami da kuma sauri, sakamakon wani juyin halitta da ya halartar da kwamfuta gine von Neumann. Alal misali, nuni da shigar da fitarwa memory damar Game da na'urorin, data, da kuma umarnin a kan yadda za a hade a cikin tsarin da za a sarrafa, zama a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. A bas tsarin iya amfani da su samar da wani daidaitaccen sassa tsarin da karami. Wannan ne wani lokaci ake kira "rationalization" na architecture. A m shekarun da suka gabata, wani lokacin sauki microcontrollers ba amfani da wasu fasalolin mai da hankula model domin rage kudin da size. Amma babban kwakwalwa bi kafa gine-gine, kamar yadda suka kara siffofin inganta yi.