Wurin tashar Polar "Vostok", Antarctica: bayanin, tarihin, sauyin yanayi da kuma ziyartar

An kafa tashar tashar polar Rasha a Vostok a Antarctica a shekara ta 1957. Ana cikin tsakiyar nahiyar, a cikin ƙanƙara da dusar ƙanƙara. Kamar shekaru 59 da suka wuce, a yau ma alama ce ta alama ta tasiri.

Nisa daga tashar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kudu bai kasa zuwa gakun tekun ba, kuma yawancin tashar ba ta wuce mutane 25 ba. Low yanayin zafi, tsawon tsawo fiye da kilomita uku sama da tekun, cikakken rarrabe daga duniya a cikin hunturu ya zama daya daga cikin wurare mafi ban sha'awa ga mutane su zauna a duniya. Duk da yanayi mafi wuya, rayuwa a "Gabas" ba ta daina har ma a -80 ° C. Masana kimiyya suna aiki ne akan bincike kan tafkin karkashin kankara, wadda take a zurfin fiye da kilomita hudu.

Location:

Wurin lantarki Vostok (Antarctica) yana da nisan kilomita 1253 daga Kudancin Kudu da 1260 km daga bakin teku. Ice rufe a nan ya kai kauri na 3700 m A cikin hunturu ba shi yiwuwa a isa ga tashar, saboda haka masu binciken polar su dogara ne kawai a kan kansu sojojin. A lokacin rani, ana kawo kaya a cikin jiragen sama. Don wannan dalili, an yi amfani da jirgin motar jirgin sama daga tashar "Ci gaba". Tun da farko, wadannan jiragen sun zo daga tashar Mirny, amma a yau, saboda karuwa a kan hanyar jirgin, ya zama ba zai yiwu ba.

Wurin tashar polar "Vostok" yana kusa da kudancin geomagnetic gefen duniya. Wannan yana bamu damar nazarin canje-canje a filin filin Magnet. A lokacin rani, tashar tana da kimanin mutane arba'in - injiniyoyi da masana kimiyya.

Station "Gabas": tarihin, sauyin yanayi

An gina wannan cibiyar bincike a 1957, don bincike da kuma lura da yanayin halittu na Antarctic. Tun da kafa harsashin Rasha "Gabas" a Antarctica bai daina aiki ba, ayyukansa na ci gaba a yau. Masana kimiyyar suna da sha'awar tafkin tafkin ruwa. A tsakiyar nineties an yi rawar gani na musamman na guraben gine-gine a tashar. Na farko, an yi amfani da bawo na daji, sa'an nan kuma electromechanical, a kan kebul na dauke.

Kungiyoyi masu tasowa AARI da Leningrad Mining Cibiyar sun haɗu da wani tafkin kasa mai suna "Vostok". An rufe ta da takalmin kankara fiye da mita dubu huɗu. Girmanta, mai yiwuwa 250x50 kilomita. Ramin ya fi mita 1200. Yankinsa ya wuce murabba'in kilomita 15.5.

Yanzu ana gudanar da sabon ayyukan don duba wannan tafkin mai zurfi. "Vostok" wani tashar a Antarctica, wanda ya shiga cikin shirin shirin tarayya na duniya "Tekun Duniya". Bugu da ƙari, masana kimiyya suna nazarin rayuwar mutum a cikin irin wannan yanayi.

Sauyin yanayi

Yanayi mai tsanani suna shahararren tashar polar "Gabas". Yanayin wannan wurin za a iya bayyana a takaice - babu wani wuri mai dadi a duniya. Anan cikakkiyar yanayin yanayin zafi an saita - 89 ° C. Yanayin yanayin zafi a cikin shekara mai zuwa daga -31 ° C da -68 ° C, zuwa cikakkiyar iyakar, wanda aka rubuta a cikin nisan 1957 -13 ° C. Kwana 120 ya ci gaba da dare maraice - daga ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa karshen watan Agusta.

Kwanan watanni mafi zafi a tashar su ne Disamba da Janairu. A wannan lokaci, yawan zafin jiki na iska shine -35.1 ° C -35.5 ° C. Wannan zafin jiki yana kama da sanyi mai sanyi Siberian. Mafi sanyi watan Agusta. Jirgin iska ya sauko zuwa -75.3 ° C, kuma wani lokaci a kasa -88.3 ° C. Mafi matsakaicin sanyi (kowace rana) -52 ° C, don dukan lokacin lura a watan Mayu yawan zafin jiki ba ya tashi sama -41.6 ° C. Amma yanayin zafi bai zama babban matsala mai matukar damuwa da damuwa ga masu bincike ba.

Tashar "Vostok" (Antarctica) tana samuwa a cikin yanki da kusan zafi. Akwai rashin isashshen oxygen. Gidan yana tsaye a sama da mita dubu uku a saman teku. A cikin irin wannan yanayi mai wuya, haɓaka mutum ya kasance daga mako guda zuwa watanni biyu. Wannan tsari yana kasancewa tare da sauƙi a cikin idanu, rashin hankali, zubar da jini, ciwo a cikin kunnuwan, jin kunci, ƙara karfin jini, damuwa da barci, hasara na ci, tashin zuciya, ciwo mai tsanani a cikin tsokoki da haɗin gwiwa, asarar nauyi har zuwa biyar.

Ayyukan kimiyya

"Vostok" wata tashar ce a Antarctica, masu kwararru sunyi bincike kan albarkatu na ma'adinai da na hydrocarbon, sunyi tsabtataccen ruwa na fiye da rabin karni, suna gudanar da abubuwan da suka shafi aikin aiki, abubuwan da ake amfani da su, da kuma nazarin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, suna gudanar da bincike na likita, nazarin sauyin yanayi, gudanar da bincike game da "kogin ozone", da dai sauransu.

Rayuwa a tashar

"Gabas" wata tashar ce a Antarctica, inda mutane na musamman suke zaune da aiki. Ba su da cikakkiyar lada ga aikin su, suna da sha'awar binciken wannan nahiyar mai ban mamaki. Wannan ra'ayi, a cikin mafi kyawun kalma, ya ba su damar jimre wa dukan matsalolin rayuwa, da rabuwa da iyayensu. Rayukan masu bincike na polar za su iya jin dadi kawai daga mafi tsattsauran matsayi.

Station "Gabas" (Antarctica) yana da fasali da yawa. Alal misali, a rayuwar talakawa, wasu kwari suna kewaye mu - butterflies, sauro, gnats. Babu wani abu a tashar. Babu ma kwayoyin halitta. Ruwa a nan shi ne daga dusar ƙanƙara. Bai ƙunshi ma'adanai ko salts ba, don haka a farkon lokaci ma'aikatan tashar suna da ƙishirwa.

Mun riga mun ambata cewa masu binciken sun dade suna da kyau ga Ruwa Lake Vostok. A 2011, a zurfin mita 3,540, an gano sabon kankara, wanda daga ƙasa yake. Wannan shi ne ruwan daskarewa na tafkin. Masu binciken labaran sun ce yana da tsabta kuma yana da kyau ga dandano, za'a iya bufa shi da kuma shayi shayi.

Ginin inda masu nazarin kwakwalwa suke zaune suna alama ne da dutsen dusar ƙanƙara na mita biyu. A cikin hasken rana akwai. A waje akwai kantuna biyu - babban abu da ajiye ɗaya. Babban fita shine ƙofar, a baya wanda aka haƙa ramin hamsin hamsin cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Kashe gaggawa ya fi guntu. Yana da matakai mai zurfi da ke kai ga rufin tashar.

A cikin gidan zama yana da ɗakin murya, akwai TV a kan bango (ko da yake babu tashar lantarki a kan tashar jiragen sama a tashar), an shigar da tebur bidiyon. Lokacin a cikin wannan dakin da yawan zafin jiki ya saukad da shi don ragewa ɗaya, kowa yana kokarin kada ya je can. Amma wata rana, masu bincike na polar a cikin sitocin sun gano wani mugun wasan wasan kwaikwayo. An gyara, an haɗa shi da wani gidan telebijin, kuma ɗakin wanki ya farfado - yanzu masu bincike na polar suna taruwa a nan. A cikin Jaketan duddufi da wando, a cikin takalma da takalma da suka ji, sun zo su yi wasa da fadace-fadace da kuma jinsi.

Masana binciken binciken labaran cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan tashar "Gabas" (Antarctica) ta canza a rayuwar yau da kullum. Dumi rai bariki, da dakuna domin aikin koyarwa, da cin abinci daki, a dizal naúra da kuma sauran bukata domin rayuwa na tsarin da tashar sanya rayuwa a nan shi ne quite m.

Wuta a tashar Vostok a Antarctica

Ranar Afrilu 12, 1982, Vostok ba ta tuntubi Babban Land ba. Ba wanda zai iya tunanin abin da ya faru. A cikin rana, bisa ga jadawalin, an tuntube tashar tara sau tara. Lokacin da babu wani haɗi kuma a daidai lokacin da aka amince, sai ya zama a fili: wani abu mai ban mamaki ya faru. Rashin sadarwa - a kowace harka, lamarin yana da ban mamaki. A wannan lokacin ba wanda zai iya ganin girman irin bala'i a tashar.

Station "Gabas" (Antarctica) yana da daki mai tsabta, inda tashar diesel-lantarki yake. A can ne wuta ta fara a daren Maris 12. Ya kasance farkon farkon hunturu. Zuwa ga tashar wutar lantarki an haɗe wani ƙananan gida inda masanan suke rayuwa. An tashe su a hu] u na safe, ta wurin hayakiyar hayaki.

Suna fita daga cikin titi, sun gano cewa wuta tana ci a kan rufin. Bayan 'yan mintoci kaɗan, duk masu cin nasara, da sauri suka yi ado, suka gudu zuwa cikin sanyi. Hasken hasken, wanda ya haskaka ƙasa, ya fita. Haske ya kasance daga wuta kawai.

Yakin wuta

Wuta ta fara jefa dusar ƙanƙara, sa'annan suka yi ƙoƙari su rufe shi da tarpaulin don hana samun damar oxygen. Amma zane an lalata nan take. Mutanen da suka hau kan rufin ba da daɗewa ba su tsalle. Rufin ya ƙone a minti talatin.

Gidan mintuna goma sha biyar daga tashar akwai tankuna da man fetur din diesel. Ba shi yiwuwa a cire su - suna da nauyi. Abin farin ciki, iska ta hura a cikin wani shugabanci. An adana shi da kuma gaskiyar cewa diesel din ya yi sanyi sosai, a cikin sanyi ya zama abin ƙyama. Dole ta yi zafi da yawa don yin fushi.

Nan da nan masu bincike na polar ba su lura cewa a cikinsu babu masanin injiniya. An gano jikinsa a toka. Nan da nan bayan wuta, an bar wuraren da tashar ba tare da zafi da hasken ba, kuma a cikin titi ita ce -67 ° C ...

Yadda za a tsira?

Akwai hakikanin matsala. Ma'aikatan wutar lantarki guda biyu sun mutu gaba daya, suna samar da tashar wutar lantarki, da kuma masu aji biyu. Babu haske a cikin ɗakunan, kayan aikin kimiyya sun ƙarfafa, baturan da kuka a cikin tashar ya warke. Matsalar ita ce ko da ruwa - An karɓa ta cikin na'urar lantarki daga dusar ƙanƙara. A cikin ɗakin mai amfani an sami tsohuwar ƙoshin kerosene. An mayar da ita zuwa ɗaya daga cikin yankunan zama.

Kuma a wannan lokaci a Moscow sun yi kokarin neman hanyar fita daga cikin halin. Sun yi shawarwari tare da matukan jirgi da masu jirgi. Amma babu wani zaɓi da za a iya samu a cikin dare mai tsanani.

Rayuwa bayan wuta

Masu binciken labaran sun yanke shawarar tsira a kansu. Mutane masu ƙarfin hali ba su jira taimako daga Big Land ba. An tura radiogram zuwa Moscow: "Za mu tsira har sai Spring". Sun fahimci cewa asalin kankara ba ya gafarta wa bambance-bambance, amma rashin tausayi ne da wa anda suka yanke ƙauna.

Wintering ya kasance a cikin karfi-majeure yanayi. Masu bincike na Polar sun koma cikin ɗakin ɗaki. A kan iskar gas, an yi sabbin furenni biyar. A wannan ɗakin, wanda ke da ɗakin dakuna, da dakin cin abinci, da kuma ɗakunan abinci, akwai kayan kimiyya.

Babban batu na sababbin furnaces ya kasance mai tsauri. An tattara ta a kan guga a kowace rana. Bayan dan lokaci, godiya ga mahimmancin mai ilimin kimiyya da kuma mai dafa abinci, masu cin nasara sun iya yin burodi. Wasu daga cikin kullu da aka sanya su a kan ganuwar katako kuma ta haka suka karbi gurasa mai gurasa.

Baya ga abinci mai zafi da zafi, ana bukatar haske. Daga nan sai wadannan mutane masu karfi suka fara yin kyandir, ta hanyar amfani da magungunan paraffin da asbestos. "Kamfanin ƙwaƙwalwa" ya yi aiki har zuwa karshen hunturu.

Aikin ya ci gaba!

Duk da yanayin da ba a iya dashi ba, masu bincike na polar sun fara tunani game da ci gaba da aikin kimiyya. Amma wannan shi ne saboda babbar kasawar wutar lantarki. Kamfanin kawai wanda ya tsira ya hadu ne kawai da bukatun sadarwa na rediyo da walƙiya na lantarki. Ya kawai "jin tsoron numfashi."

Duk da haka, masanin kimiyya ya katse bincikensa game da yanayin kawai a yayin da aka kashe wuta. Bayan bala'in, ya yi aiki kamar yadda ya saba. Da yake dubansa, masanin ilmin lissafi ya ci gaba da aiki.

Ceto

Saboda haka ya wuce hunturu - a cikin gishiri mafi tsananin karfi, ba tare da hasken rana ba, tare da rashin isashshen oxygen, tare da manyan matsalolin gida. Amma wadannan mutane sun kashe, wanda a kanta shi ne m. Ba su rasa hasarar kansu da "dandano" don aikin ba. Sun yi tsawon watanni 7.5, kamar yadda aka alkawarta wa masu sana'a na Moscow, a cikin matsanancin yanayi.

A farkon watan Nuwamba, jirgin sama na IL-14 ya isa tashar, wanda ya kawo sabon janareta da kuma wasu 'yan magoya bayan hudu daga aikin yau da kullum, 28th expedition. Akwai jirage mai tsayi da yawa a cikin fasinjoji da likita. A cewarsa, ya sa ran ganin mutanen da ba su da lafiya da kuma rashin lafiya a tashar. Duk da haka, wadannan mutane sunyi kyau.

Bayan kwana goma sha biyar sai wani jirgin motar jirgin ruwa ya zo daga Mirny. Ya tsirar da kayan aiki da samfurori, kazalika da komai don gina wutar lantarki. Bayan wannan lokaci a tashar ya yi sauri: kowa yayi ƙoƙarin kama "basussuka" don binciken kimiyya.

Lokacin da motsi ya iso, jirgin saman jirgin ya aika da masu jarrabawar magunguna ga Mirny. A wannan jirgin da kuma kawo ragowar marigayin Alexei Karpenko. An binne shi a cikin Cemetery na Antarctic Novodevichy. Sauran masu bincike na polar sun koma wurin jirgin ruwa "Bashkiria", wanda ya kawo su Leningrad. A yau suna da rai kuma suna da kyau, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun yi kokarin shiga cikin balaguro na Antarctic wani lokaci.

Tashar Vostok: ziyartar dokoki

Ba a gayyaci masu yawon shakatawa, da kuma matafiya masu horarwa, zuwa tashar, shi ne cibiyar kimiyya ta musamman. Duk da haka, ziyarci "Gabas" har yanzu yana yiwuwa. Don yin wannan, wa anda suke so su yi amfani da Cibiyar Nazarin Arctic sannan su tabbatar da dalilin da yasa tashar tana buƙatar su. Ƙananan bukatun ga masu neman aiki - lafiyar lafiya da fasaha masu amfani da yawa.