"Yaki da zaman lafiya" - wani labari matsala. "Yaki da zaman lafiya" L. N. Tolstoy

The labari "yaki da zaman lafiya", da muhimman hakkokin aikin mai girma Rasha marubuci Count Lva Nikolaevicha Tolstogo, aka rubuta a lokacin daga 1863 zuwa 1869

A shirin na aikin, marubucin ya kafa tun kafin rubuce-rubuce, Magana game da topic na da Decembrists tawaye, wanda ya faru a St. Petersburg Disamba 14, 1825. Leo Tolstoy kafa fita ya nuna wa rai na Rasha jama'a na lokaci, kuma tun da 'yan adawa motsi, daban-daban m al'ummomin tare da sa hannu na Decembrists su ne mafi m da muhimmanci a cikin rayuwar siyasa na Rasha jihar, marubucin yanke shawarar yin amfani da wannan batu a matsayin tushen aikinsa.

A fassarar da labari

A wani daftarin gabatarwar nan gaba wallafe-wallafen fitacciyar "yaki da zaman lafiya" labari al'amurran da suka shafi Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy kaddamarda matsayin search for babban harafin. A marubuci da shawarar cewa zai zama image na Decembrists, daya daga cikin jaruman da lokaci, ya dawo tare da iyalinsa zuwa gidajensu bayan da link. Duk da haka, da mãkirci da labari bukaci da a halayyar bayanin irin babban harafin tun yana saurayi, sabili da haka, ya wajaba a koma game da 20 da suka wuce, a baya. A marubuci yanke shawarar fara da labarin da yake tãre da 1805. A lokaci guda, da sauran batu na labari "yaki da zaman lafiya" bukaci fassarar mafi fadi fiye da daya wadda ta bayyana labarin game da Decembrists, kuma ta haka ne, a cikin shakka daga rubutu wani labari da fari ya yaki da Napoleon da kuma abubuwan da suka faru, ko ta wani hanya da alaka da shi .

da marubuci ta da hankali ya canja zuwa Patriotic War of 1812 da kuma na tsawon kafin mamayewa na Faransa sojojin karkashin jagorancin Napoleon Bonaparte. Duk da haka, 'yan surori na wanda ba a kare ayyukan 1860 a karkashin sunan "Decembrists" Tolstoy amfani da labari "yaki da zaman lafiya". Matsalar ta'allaka ne da labari yi na mãkirci, wanda shi ne marubucin niyyar ya rufe kusan kwata-karni tarihi na Rasha mutane da kuma Rasha sojojin. A marubuci ya yi shi, tare da aiki ya jimre brilliantly.

Misalan da labari jaruntakar

Ya epoch-yin aikin "yaki da zaman lafiya" da Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich rubuta shekaru shida, irin wannan a cikin labari da zurfi da ƙarfi daga cikin litattafan a duniya adabi ba more. Roman m hasashe, kowane hali aka kafa tare da wani babban mataki na yaƙĩni, da heroism na Rasha sojoji ne bayyananne - su suna fada da haƙƙi, ga iyalansu, domin su mahaifarsa. An misali ne da shugaban Tushin da baturi, a low-key m na abokan gaba. Unprecedented ƙarfin hali na Rasha sojojin a cikin Battle of Borodino, a lokacin da ya yanke shawarar da rabo daga Rasha, marubuci ya bayyana tsoratarwa naturalistic, amma kowace kalma a cikin labari, ba shakka, gaskiya. A morale na Faransa, ba shakka, bai tsaya ba kwatanta da yãƙi ruhu na Rasha sojoji, a cikin wannan, da kuma manyan, da kuma aza harsashin ginin babban nasarar da Rasha sojojin. Duk da haruffa na Tolstoy nuna a cikin labari kamar kishin kasa ƙasarsu.

Wallafe-wallafe da kuma zanen

Lokacin rubuta wani samfurin na "yaki da zaman lafiya" labari na matsalar ta'allaka ne da cewa shi ne mai almarar, za'a fadada filin, a mosaic na mutum ƙaddarãwa. Lva Tolstogo haruffan rubuta m, daidai shanyewar jiki, da ya wallafa fasaha za a iya kwatanta ta da zane da Paolo Veronese, wanda kuma sosai aikata wa kowane daki-daki a cikin fuskõkin wa haruffa a kan babbar canvases na Venetian Doge ta Palace, da kuma heroes of wadannan daruruwan.

A m tamanin da ayyukansu

A labari "yaki da zaman lafiya" da Tolstoy gabatar a shafukan da dukkan zamantakewa strata, daga sauki soja ga sarki da ayarinsa. Showing dukan zamanai, daban-daban aji, mawadata da matalauta, gaskiya da kuma dishonesty, lafiya da rashin lafiya. Rasha jama'a, da ƙananan azuzuwan da kuma tsakiyar aji, sarki da talakawansa - duk sami wani wuri a cikin mafi girma da wallafe-wallafen ayyukan lokaci.

A m aiki ne a hankali lauye da hakikanin rai, taron na commoners, m ɓangare na al'umma a wasu lokuta daji wanda ba a iya lura da shi ba da karfi, kore ta turu. kisan scene Vereshchagin misali. M, tir da rashin tausayi a sakamakon da lokacinta kai samame tafi kome a cikin hanyar - wannan ne Rasha mutane, da tarihi ya san 'yan misalai. Wannan shi ne babban batu na labari "yaki da zaman lafiya" - nuna Rasha jama'a, duk da amfani ko rashin amfani.

Falsafar da labari

Cikin dukanin labari Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy yayi kokarin sa hankali na cikin yanayin farkon rayuwa na Rasha mutane, domin sanin Sanadin spontaneity na ayyukansa. samfurin falsafa ne cewa nufin da ikon mutane rasa a banza, idan sun kasance ba a lamba tare da gaskiya, tafi daga abin da ke faruwa. Kawai sadaukarwa sabis da ra'ayin iya motsa mutum ya yi yaƙi domin dama dalili, ku kai wa filin yaƙi, tilasta yarda da mutuwa a matsayin haraji.

bayani dalla-dalla

Da yawa images of labari "yaki da zaman lafiya" ya gabatar da marubucin lucidly, tare da bayanin kowannensu. Saboda haka na musamman, m hali na marubuci zuwa Kutuzov, wanda ba su da karfi da dabarun basira da kuma heroism na warrior, da kuma cewa da ya gane cewa kawai hanya, wadannan wanda shi ne zai yiwu mu jimre wa Napoleon. Saboda haka musu na Tolstoy ta mutuntakar Napoleon, wanda boasted na kyaututukan da ya samu, riqon su zuwa da ake zargin exclusivity. A marubuci bai hana launuka a lokacin da ya bayyana a sauki soja Karataeva Plato zaune, bisa ga Tolstoy, a cikin rawar da mafi girma Sage, saboda ya ga kansa ɓangare na dukan zamantakewa da kuma jefa tafi da individuality.

Nauyin da marubuci

Philosophic Lva Tolstogo ba muhawara a kan batun, kamar yadda yake yawanci haka al'amarin da mafi marubuta, da kuma a tsaurara bincike na karami taron bayani, shan wuri a cikin al'umma, kazalika a cikin m ikon hada disparate sassa a cikin daya, da samar da wani cikakken hoto da kuma sanya hannu da shi da sunan. Nauyi Tolstoho ji, a kowane babi, ta m, shi bautar da karatu, wanda a hankali ya fara tunanin a cikin shugabanci da marubucin.

haruffa

A cikin aikinsa "yaki da zaman lafiya" labari matsalar ta'allaka ne da cewa ya zama dole ga designate daya daga cikin manyan haruffa na dukan Rasha sojojin. The kowa thread a cikin aikin zo jigo na mika wuyansu da goyon baya ga sojojin da shugabannin mutane. Tsabtace ƙasar daga Rasha mamayewa - an yi tunanin duk sanda, sojoji, manoma, ma'aikata, jami'an ce. A ainihi daga cikin Rasha mutane ba za a iya karya mamayewa daga waje, ba shige da haukan da Rasha al'umma, kuma idan haka ne, da mai mamaye, lalle zã a hallaka. Wannan sakamakon aiki da ra'ayin kowane Rasha. Rush ikon yinsa, daga cikin partisan motsi, kishin kasa da kuma soyayya da kasa, Mun halitta "a kulob din na mutane ta yaki", wanda yake shi ne don ya hallaka abokan gaba.

Leo Tolstoy m soja ƙarfin da Rasha sojojin, yawaita da kishin kasa da kuma miƙa hadaya da sauran jama'ar na Rasha jihar. Mutane-gwarzo kawance da Rasha nobility a lokacin yaki, domin su kori abokan gaba. A mafi kyau wakilan Rasha nobility kai fitar da talakawa, daga gare su, Pierre Bezukhov da Andrey Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova da Vasily Denisov.

Hoton na Kutuzov

A gwarzo na yaki da Napoleon, Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, ya rabuwa daga rundunoninsa, abinda ke ba shi ƙarfi. Kwamandan bai sami ƙarfafawa daga sarki, a asirce suka ƙi shi, amma Kutuzov a sarki Tawagar biyayya da kuma bai bukatar, ya na da fiye da iko tushen wahayi - sojoji, da sojoji da kuma jami'an na devotees. Field Marshal Kutuzov lashe, cika nufin Rasha mutane, da cikakken sanin manufar tsaye a gaban shi, kuma da dukan ƙasar.

wallafe

Faye hali na labari "yaki da zaman lafiya" ya bayyana da iko yuwuwar na Rasha al'umma, wanda tarihi ya sani bautar. Mara tsinkaya m invaders kamar Napoleon, su ƙawa, amma kunya, ba zai zama wani abu. Historical soja adawa babu makawa ƙare a nasarar da Rasha mutane.

A 1865, a mujallar "Rasha Gazette" na farko biyu sassa na labari mai taken "Shekara 1805" da aka buga. Cikakken edition na gaisawa da ayyukan "yaki da zaman lafiya" da Tolstoy, a cikin shida kundin, da aka buga a 1869.

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy labari "yaki da zaman lafiya" har abada shigar da zinariya asusu na duniya wallafe-wallafe.