Yanayin halitta na juya: Nau'in kuma Halaye

Ontogenesis - aiwatar da mutum cin gaban kwayoyin daga farkon ta zama har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa. Wannan lokaci da aka samarwa da Ernest Haeckal, wani Bajamushe masanin kimiyya, a 1886. A wannan labarin, za mu bincika a ta aice yanayin halitta na juya, ta daban da kuma su bayani dalla-dalla a cikin jinsuna daban.

A yanayin halitta na juya na guda da kwayar

A protozoa da kwayoyin da shi kusan daidai da cell sake zagayowar. Wadannan kwayoyin yanayin halitta na juya ta fara da zargin guda-celled kwayoyin ta rarraba uwa cell. Yana kammala aiwatar da mutuwa faruwa a sakamakon illa, ko wani rabo.

Yanayin halitta na juya kwayar jinsunan cewa haifa asexually, ta fara da cewa raba wani rukuni na sel (yi tunani, misali, da aiwatar da budding hydra) daga iyaye kwayoyin. Raba mitosis, wadannan Kwayoyin samar da wani sabon mutum tare da dukan gabobin da kuma tsarin. A jinsin cewa haifa jima'i, ontogenesis aiwatar fara da hadi, bayan da zygote aka kafa, wanda shi ne na farko cell sabon mutum.

Ontogenesis - ne da canji na jiki zuwa wani adult?

Muna fatan kun daidai amsa da tambaya, tun farkon wannan labarin, za mu kasance sha'awar manufar bayyana. Kuma da iri yanayin halitta na juya, da kuma aiwatar da kanta, kamar yadda ka iya tuna, amfani da dukan rai da kwayoyin. Su ba za a iya rage ga ci gaban da mutane zuwa ga canza shi cikin ya fara tasawa. Yanayin halitta na juya - Sarkar hadadden tsarin da cewa faruwa a dukkan matakai da kwayoyin. A sakamakon haka ne da samuwar su da harshen damo, tsarin sunayen mutane na wannan nau'in, da kuma ikon haifa. A yanayin halitta na juya na kammala matakai da kai ga tsufa sa'an nan kuma mutuwa.

Wadannan biyu main lokaci rabu a yanayin halitta na juya - fetal da postembryonic. A farko, dabba tayi aka kafa. Ya kafa manyan sashin jiki tsarin. Next zo postnatal lokaci. A lokacin da ya formative matakai karshen, sa'an nan ya zo balagarsa, sa'an nan - haifuwa, tsufa da kuma, a karshe, mutuwa.

Farga da hereditary bayanai

New mutum na'am daga kwayoyin halittu na iyaye irin umarnin da cewa saka abin da ya canjãwa zai faru ne a cikin jiki ga nasara kammala su tafarkin rayuwa. Saboda haka, muna da sha'awar a cikin tsari - An ganin hereditary bayanai. Next za mu dubi a cikin mafi daki-daki, yanayin halitta na juya (iri da kuma halaye).

Direct da kaikaitacce yanayin halitta na juya

A kai tsaye da irin kwayoyin zo a cikin kasancewarsa, a general shaci ne kama da adult, babu wani mataki na metamorphosis. A kaikaitaccen irin bayyana tsutsa, wanda ya bambanta a ciki da kuma na waje tsarin da ya fara tasawa kwayoyin. Ya bambanta a Hanyar motsi halitta ikon, kuma yana da yawan wasu siffofin. Larvae canza kama zuwa wani adult a sakamakon metamorphosis. Yana bada jiki more abũbuwan amfãni. Wannan irin ci gaban da aka wani lokacin kira larval. Mike irin ta auku a cikin utero da nelichinochnoy form.

Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki, ga kõwane ɗaya daga gare su.

Kai tsaye ba ontogenesis: iri, lokaci

An yi bikin a da yawa jinsunan halittu sun kuma wasu vertabrate (halittar dabba mai kafafuwa, macizai). A kan aiwatar da ci gaba a su ne ko dai daya ko dama larval, saukarwa. Its zama shi ne saboda mun gwada da kananan reserves gwaiduwa dauke a cikin qwai na wadannan dabbobi. Bugu da kari, an bayyana ta da bukatar canza rai yanayi a cikin ci gaban tsarin ko shirya nau'in da suke da parasitic, m, ko sedentary salon.

A ci gaba da cikakken da kuma bai cika metamorphosis

Hatched larvae live a cikin hasken da nasu. Su rayayye ciyar a kan, ci gaba da kuma girma. Bã su da wani yawan musamman wucin gadi (provisory) jikinsu, wanda ba ya nan a manya. Larval (kai tsaye ba) irin ci gaba ne cikakken ko bai cika metamorphosis. Wannan rabo ne da za'ayi a kan tushen daga cikin siffofin metamorphosis, wanda aka halin da musamman yanayin halitta na juya. Nau'in shi bukatar wani karin cikakken jarrabawa, don haka gaya mana game da su.

Idan ya zo ga bai cika canji, haife tsutsa ƙarshe hasarar larval gabobin kuma sami constants wanda suke halayyar da adult kwayoyin (tuna, misali, da fara ne kawai). Idan ci gaba ne da za'ayi tare da cikakken metamorphosis, da tsutsa zama ajali farko 'yar tsana. Sa'an nan, ya zo daga ya fara tasawa mutum, wanda shi ne na daban daga larvae (tuna da malam).

Me larvae

Ma'anar su zama, watakila, shi ne cewa ba su amfani da irin wannan abinci kamar yadda manya, game da shi fadada abinci tushe na jinsi. Za mu iya kwatanta, msl, abinci caterpillars da malam (ganye da kuma Nectar, bi da bi) ko tadpoles da kwaɗi (zooplankton da kwari). Bugu da kari, da yawa jinsunan, yayin da a cikin larval mataki, ana rayayye binciko sababbin ƙasa. The larvae na bivalves, misali, suna iya iyo cewa ba gaskiya ba ne na balagaggun mutane da suka yi ne kusan immobile.

Development of a metamorphosis a halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da kifi

ci gaba da iri (yanayin halitta na juya), da suka samo asali daga metamorphosis ne halayyar vertabrate kamar halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da kuma kifi. Alal misali, qwai da rana tadpole siffofin (larvae), wanda a cikin tsarin, mazauninsu da kuma hanyarsa ta rayuwa ne sosai daban-daban daga manya. Tadpoles da gills, wutsiya, jiki gefen Lines, biyu gidajen zuciya. Kamar kifi, yana daya wurare dabam dabam. Lokacin da tsutsa ta kai wani matakin na ci gaba, ta metamorphosis daukan wuri, a cikin abin da akwai ãyõyi halayyar fara tasawa kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne yadda a kan lokaci da tadpole jũya a cikin wani rana.

Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa zama larval mataki samar da wata dama su zauna a daban-daban yanayin, da kuma amfani da daban-daban abinci. Tadpole, misali, rayuwa a cikin ruwa da kuma ci ganyayyaki na abinci. Kwado ci dabba abinci da kuma shi ne mafi yawa terrestrial rayuwa. A da yawa kwari akwai wani kwatancinsa. Canza muhalli, kuma ta haka ne da hanyar rayuwa a lokacin miƙa mulki daga larval mataki zuwa adult mataki, rage tsanani da gwagwarmayar rayuwa a cikin wani da aka ba jinsunan.

Direct irin ci gaban

Ci gaba da bayyana main iri yanayin halitta na juya da kuma zuwa gaba - mike. Haka kuma an kira nelichinochnym. Shi ne a cikin utero da yaytsekladnym. A takaice fahince wadannan iri, saukarwa na ontogenesis ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga juna.

Yaytsekladny irin

An lura a wani yawan vertabrate, kazalika da tsuntsaye, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da kifi da kuma wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, a cikin abin da qwai ne mai arziki a cikin gwaiduwa. A tayi haka tasowa ciki da qwai na dogon lokaci. Basic rayuwa ayyuka ake, ɗaukar tayi membranes - musamman provisory gabobin.

Dabbobi masu shayarwa, sa qwai

Akwai 3-daban na dabbobi masu shayarwa, sa qwai cewa ba hali na wannan aji a matsayin dukan. Duk da haka, da Pups shãyar da mãma sabõda madara. Wannan shi ne halayyar dabbobi masu shayarwa a general. Platypus sa qwai (hoton sama), dogon-nosed viper da korotkonosaya. Suna zaune a Australia, Tasmania da kuma New Guinea, kuma ya kasance a cikin tsari na monotremes.

Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe kama ba kawai kwanciya qwai, amma kuma da tsarin da excretory, haihuwa, da kuma narkewa kamar tsarin, kazalika da yawa sifofin (tsarin da kashin baya, hakarkarinsa da kafada abin ɗamara, da tsarin da ido). Monotremes, duk da haka, dauke dabbobi masu shayarwa domin su zuciya yana da hudu da bẽnãye, su ne dumin jiki, ya rufe tare da Jawo, shãyar da matasa tare da madara. Bugu da kari ga dabbobi masu shayarwa halin da yawan fasali na tsarin da kwarangwal.

prenatal irin

Taken "yanayin halitta na juya daban da kuma siffofi," mun kusan gano. Duk da haka, mun ba magana tukuna game da karshen, prenatal aji. Shi ne halayyar mutane da kuma mafi girma dabbobi masu shayarwa, oocytes wanda kusan babu gina jiki. A wannan yanayin duk da harshen damo ake gane ta hanyar sakamakon tayi masu juna biyu kwayoyin. Don wannan karshen, uwar da tayin da Mahaifa nama tasowa - musamman jiki provisionally.

mahaifa yana yi

Wannan jiki wanzu ne kawai a lokacin daukar ciki. Mahaifa yana yi a cikin mutane shi ne a jikin mahaifa yawanci a kan raya bango, akalla - a gaban. Gaba daya shi ne kafa game 15-16 makonni 'gestation. A 20th mako bayan placental tasoshin fara faruwa rayayye musayar.

Mahaifa yana yi ne da wani mutum - a zagaye lebur faifai. Its nauyi a delivery ne game da 500-600 g, kauri - 3.2 cm, da kuma diamita - 15-18 cm 2 surface na mahaifa ne :. uwa da 'ya'yan itace.

A karshen ciki akwai wani physiological tsufa mahaifa. Yana yana tare da bayyanar gishiri shaida shafukan, da rage daga cikin musayar surface area. Haihuwa tsari ya ci gaba da yanayin halitta na juya.

Nau'in, wanda muka duba, aka bayyana ne kawai a takaice. Muna fatan za ku sami a wannan labarin dukan zama dole bayani. Definition da iri ontogenesis ya zama mai kyau a san idan kana samun shirye domin jarrabawa a ilmin halitta.