3m jirgin sama: tarihin halitta da kuma ci gaban, fasaha bayani dalla-dalla

3m jirgin sama - Soviet dabarun m, wanda ya bauta wa, ga game da hudu da suka gabata. A cikin tarihin wannan jirgin sama da yawa daban-daban events. Ya ƙarshe samu a gauraye suna. Wasu kira wannan jirgin sama gaggawa model, yayin da wasu la'akari da shi a babban rabo mai girma. Duk da haka dai, 3m jirgin sama, tarihi da wanda ya kasance batun da muke zance, ya cancanci da hankali a matsayin tsanani aikin na Soviet jirgin sama.

Bango na

A cikin marigayi 1940s, idan akwai wani makamin nukiliya, ya zama dole a cikin harkokin sufuri da kuma mobile isar da so location. Soja hadaddun bukatar wani dan kunar bakin waken da cewa halaye iya wuce wadanda samuwa a lokacin da model ne 1.5-2 sau. Saboda haka manufar dabarun m aka kafa. Amerika suka fara samar da wadannan jirgin sama kafin. A shekarar 1946, kawai biyu American jirgin sama kamfanin - "Boeing" da "Convair" - tsunduma a cikin ci gaban dabarun m. Saboda haka, da farko jirgin a shekara ta 1952 aikata jirgin sama B-52 da kuma B-60. Dukansu model bambanta daga waɗanda suke a gabãninsu wani babban gini, kuma m gudun da iyaka.

Fara na ci gaba

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet ta kaddamar da irin wannan ci gaban da wani gagarumin bata lokaci ba. Yana duk fara da cewa da zanen B. Myasischev, wani farfesa a Moscow sufurin jiragen sama Institute, na nuna cewa, gwamnatin haifar da dabarun m iya tashi sama zuwa 12,000 kilomita. A sakamakon haka, tare da shawara da masana, Stalin yanke shawarar a kan kansa alhakin amince Myasishcheva raya ta samarwa da jirgin sama, amma saita m deadlines. Development ya za a kammala May 24, 1951. Majalisar ma'aikatun da Tarayyar Soviet ba da umarnin a yi da jirgin sama sake ƙirƙirarsu bayan da kusa da OKB-23 MAP. Cif zanen zama Myasischev. Ba da da ewa Air Force kwamandan a manyan dabara da fasaha da bukatun na na'ura an amince. Iyakar kewayo ya zama ba kasa da 12 kilomita dubu tare da wani bam kaya na 5 ton. A jirgin sama da ya tashi a gudun 900 km / h a tsawon 9 kilomita.

Lokaci kasaftawa zana da kuma gina wani m for "Project 25" (kamar yadda aka kira a lokacin cin), ta bukata zane hukumar hadin gwiwa da dama sauran kungiyoyi a masana'antu: wasu zane ofisoshin, da cibiyoyin bincike da kuma masana'antu.

A farko aukuwa

A farko jirgin sama da aka yin almara L. Selyakov - ya yi rawar da zanen, aerodynamics da prochnista lokaci guda. B. Myasischev lokacin tsunduma a cikin samuwar rarrabu, sassan kuma teams. A tawagar aka halitta a layi daya tare da dan kunar bakin waken. A cikin gajeren lokaci zane aikin da aka shirya da kuma amince. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ɓullo da samar da fasaha, da farko saboda Tarayyar Soviet ba fitowa da irin wannan babban nauyi da kuma jirgin sama. Ga wata na'ura da ake bukata sabon masu girma dabam siffofi da kuma kayan, kazalika da nomenclature.

The m ya yi kyau da nata irin yi, wajen samar da karin gudu da kuma zama kamar hasken kamar yadda zai yiwu. A designers biya yawa da hankali ga siffar da reshe. Domin na farko watanni shida na ci gaba a cikin iska rami TsAGI gwada iri-iri model, har sai da aka sami mafi kyau duka. Created reshe aka gwada da haske, yana mai m karshen rabo da decompression yi da tsarin. Wannan abu ne da su yi tsayayya da tasiri flutter. Reshe tushen housed Motors, kowane ciwon wani iska ci. Tare da shi zai iya kawar da juna da tasiri na engine lokacin aiki a daban-daban halaye. Nozzles da aka tura a kwance, kuma a tsaye jirage a 4 digiri. Wannan mataki yana da zama dole domin kau da zafi gas jet daga fuselage da empennage.

kayan aiki

Ikon shuka m hada da hudu Mikulino iko jet engine yi. Su sanda ya 8700 kg. A cikin zane na da ikon shuka karo an sanya iyakar AMINCI. Af, bisa ga asali zane, da jirgin sama da aka sanye take da uku injuna da dirka 13,000 kgf. Duk da haka, OKB Dobrynin da bãbu wani lokaci a cikin irin wannan gajeren lokaci zuwa shirya prototypes daga wadannan injuna.

Ya kamata mu ma ambaci zaba zabin zanen kaya m shasi. Don nazarin muhimmancin da motsi na da irin wannan nauyi da jirgin sama a kan titin jiragen sama na musamman gwani kungiyar da aka shirya. Da farko dauke da dama makircinsu shasi: misali da uku kafafu, multisupporting da kuma hawan keke. A lokacin gwajin kanta ne mafi kyau nuna shasi gina daga cikin keke makirci gaban "vzdyblivayuscheysya" trolley kuma a kaikaice struts shirya a iyakar da fuka-fuki. A jirgin sama da aka tafiya sannu-sannu a kan titin jiragen sama da kuma dauki kashe su da ake so tsawon ta ajiye Gudun farko.

Ciwon kai biyu daga ƙafafun saka a kan wani gaban trolley, daidaitacce a kananan kwana range (15 + ^0). Lokacin da biyu juya, shugabanci na motsi trolleys canja, da kuma bayan shi da aka canza da kuma shugabanci na gaba jirgin sama. A "vzdyblivaniya" Yanayin, da gaban biyu daga ƙafafun zama unmanageable. A karshe mataki na takeoff na jirgin sama hanci aka dauke da kwana na kama karu. Saka hannu cikin matukin ta takeoff ya kadan. Wannan makirci gwada a kan tashi dakin gwaje-gwaje "Tu-4", tricycle saukowa kaya wanda musamman maye gurbin da bike. Akwai kuma wani model na raba electrically sarrafa trolleys. Dandana shasi samfurori yi mashi cikakken hadaddun na gwaje-gwaje da kuma tabbatar da ta suitability don amfani a kan wani m.

Aircraft bam kaya ya 24 ton da kuma most zamo bama-bamai - 9000 kg. Godiya ga radar gaban BPM-4 da aka bayar daidaici harin bom. A cikin m wani kyawawan makamai masun karfi wanda tsaron gida. Ya kunshi shida atomatik bindigogi zamo 23 mm. Su da aka sanya a kan uku nau'i-nau'i daga Rotary raka'a a cikin sama, m da kuma raya fuselage. The ƙungiya, kunsha na mutane takwas, housed a biyu matsa gida. Kujeru fita zuwa ƙasa ta hatches.

gwajin

By Disamba 1952 da m samfur da aka gina. Janairu 20 shekara ta gaba, da mota karo na farko tashe a cikin iska. Flight gwajin matukin jirgi da umarni F. Opadchiy. Daga wannan rana ta fara cika gudun factory samfurin gwaje-gwaje. Sun dade har Afrilu 15, 1954. Bata lokaci ne saboda da bulkiness da wuya daga cikin gwajin.

Matsakaicin jirgin nauyi na jirgin sama amounted zuwa 181,5 tons. Its gudun a tsawon 6700 m ya daidaita 947 kilomita awa. Service rufi (iyakar kewayo) da kuma wani nauyi na 138 ton ya 12,500 mita. Designers gudanar ya sanya a kan jirgin da babbar girma na man fetur tankuna. Sai suka sanya 132 390 lita na man fetur. Duk da haka, matsakaicin cajin da aka iyakance zuwa 123600 lita.

A 1954, wani gwajin da aka alaka biyu samfur, wanda aka taqaitaccen zuwa 1 m hanci rabo, mai girma reshe yankin da kuma da dama sauran qananan gyare-gyare. Injiniyoyi sun fara shirya domin taro samar da m. A wannan lokaci a cikin girmamawa ga zanen Myasishcheva inji aka mai suna "jirgin sama M". "3m" - code da aka sanya wa model daga baya. Amma da farko, aka kira M-4.

Da gwaje-gwaje ba hanya mafi kyau. A mafi jirgin sama yi cikakken cikin layi tare da umarnin, amma babban bukatar - matsakaicin zango da 5 ton na bama-bamai a kan jirgin - ba ya iya saduwa. Bayan da dama bita m har yanzu ya soma. Amma tambaya na kasa jirgin kewayon zauna bude.

tacewa

Don warware matsalar sama, wani dan kunar bakin waken a kan wani ƙarin iko kuma duk da haka tattali injuna RD-3m, wanda ya ci gaba P. Barb. M da wani sabon ikon shuka samu index "3m". A gaskiya ma, cikin Motors an modified versions na AM-3A injuna. Gogayya a kalla damar da aka karu zuwa 9500 kgf. Bugu da ƙari, shigarwa na RD-3m da gaggawa yanayin, wanda a taron da gazawar da mota ikon ƙaruwa zuwa 10 500kGs sauran. Tare da irin ikon kayan aiki 3m jirgin sama zai iya isa gudu daga 930 km / h da kuma tashi ba tare da tsayawa nesa ga 8100 km.

A wannan search for damar kara jirgin iyaka ba ƙare. Na biyu gwajin version sanye take da MOTA KE SHAN MAI tsarin raya by OKB Alekseev. Yana bayyana "sanda" domin samun wata man fetur sama da Matuka jirgin. To jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar man fetur sanye take da wani ƙarin tank, yin famfo kayan aiki da kuma wani winch.

Duk da yake cikin jirgin sama da aka halitta 3m Myasishcheva layi daya aikin da aka za'ayi a kan ci gaban ta high-Yunƙurin version, wanda ya karbi aiki lakabi na 2m. Yana designers kafa fita kafa a lokaci daya hudu turbojet engine HP-5 - a kan pylons karkashin reshe rabu. Duk da haka, da zane na "high tsawo" tsaya tun version 3m ya iya isa ta zane halaye.

3m Air: cin

Duk da kyau yi, tsarin ya ci gaba da halittu farfadowa. Maris 27, 1956 farko jirgin a kan 3m mota. A jirgin sama samu sabon injuna VD-7, wanda ya dirka 11,000 kgf. Duk da haka, da suka auna kasa da kasa ciyar man fetur. Na farko, da jirgin sama sanye take da biyu sabon injuna, da kuma ta 1957 - duk hudu. Ta hanyar shigarwa na sabon sanyi na da fuka-fuki kuma kyautata na da halaye na kwance wutsiya da nata irin ingancin da jirgin sama ya karu kula. Bugu da kari, da girma da aka ƙara man fetur tankuna. Yana gudanar a cimma wannan, ciki har da ta hanyar da outboard tankuna. Biyu daga cikinsu an rataye a cikin bam bay (idan bam kaya ne a yarda), da kuma wasu biyu - ƙarƙashin fikafikan, tsakanin Motors.

3m jirgin sama, da halaye na wanda za mu tattauna a yau, sun sami wani hur zane. Duk da haka, ya nauyi har yanzu ya tashi zuwa 193 ton, kuma tare da sauke tankuna, har ma fiye da - har zuwa 202 tons. A tsawon lokaci, da gaban kashi na fuselage ya samu wani sabon layout. Akwai yiwuwar motsi da eriya tashar daga fuselage hanci kashi, wanda aka mika by 1 mita. Tare da sabon kewayawa kayan aiki 3m jirgin sama zai iya gudanar da tasiri bom daga high tsawo a kowane lokaci da kuma a karkashin wani yanayi.

A sakamakon duk inganta sun kai ga cewa iyakar kewayo, idan aka kwatanta da baya versions, ya karu da 40%. Tare da daya zirga, drop tankuna da wani matsakaicin bam load wannan adadi wuce 15,000 km. Don cinye irin wannan nesa, da jirgin sama da ya zama game da 20 hours. Saboda haka, akwai begen yin amfani da shi a matsayin wani intercontinental m. 3m jirgin sama ne daidai da na'ura cewa asali so don ƙirƙirar Myasischev shan a kan mafi nauyin, kuma tare da goyon bayan Stalin.

Wani mai ban sha'awa ingancin 3m ne da cewa shi za a iya amfani da a matsayin dogon zangon Maritime torpedo. Torpedoes shiga ma'aikatan dace da na makamai, amma suna amfani da sosai da wuya. A farko gwaje-gwaje da aka za'ayi teku zabin m har yanzu a samfur M-4.

3m jirgin sama yabo

Jirgin Saman bayan da 'yan inganta aka soma da kuma sa a cikin samarwa. A shekarar 1959, matukan jirgin N. Goryainov kuma BI Stepanov, tare da crews shigar a kan shi 12 duniya records. Daga cikin su kasance a Yunƙurin daga 10-ton kaya zuwa tsawo na fiye da 15 kilomita kuma Yunƙurin zuwa 55-ton kaya zuwa tsawo na 2 kilomita. Tables World Records jirgin sama kira 201M. A wannan shekara, wani gwajin matukin A. m da tawagar kafa bakwai gudun rikodin a rufaffiyar hanya, da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na loading. Tare da wani kaya nauyi na 25 ton, ya ɓullo da gudun 1028 km / h. A hukuma takardun 3m Myasishcheva jirgin sake kira a kan wani - 103M.

Lokacin da wani sabon m shiga sabis, bangaren da baya sake versions na M-4, wanda ya sãɓã, kawai rauni ikon shuka, an tuba zuwa ga jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar man fetur.

Matsaloli a cikin aiki da kuma sabon motor

Duk da mafi yi, da jirgin sama da wani yawan matsaloli. A mafi muhimmanci daga cikinsu shi ne cewa a lokacin tsakanin overhauls injuna VD-7 da yawa m fiye da na injuna RD-3m-500A. Saboda haka, domin manufar dauke da fitar yau da kullum gyare-gyare injuna akai-akai canza. Duk da yake da matsaloli tare da HP-7, a jiragen sama kafa wadanda wannan RD-3m, wanda ya fara da nasarar da model. Tare da wannan ikon shuka shi aka kira 3ms. Hakika, idan aka kwatanta da 3m ta jirgin sama ya nuna wa m sakamakon, amma shi ya fi kyau fiye da kishiya - version na M-4. A musamman, ba tare da MOTA KE SHAN MAI ZMS jirgin iya tashi 9.400 kilomita.

Matsaloli tare da engine da aka yarda su gyara da ci gaban VD-7B. Tsawanta da rayuwa na engine, da zanen da ya rage ta dirka zuwa matakin na RD-3m. Yana da aka 9500 Sar. Dole mu yarda da cewa, duk da cewa da engine rayuwar da aka mika kuma Ya ƙãra sau da yawa, ya taba kai matakin na RD-3m. Duk da haka, a general, tabarbarewar halaye Range, saboda yadda ya dace da ikon shuka, 15% fi yadda saki nesa 3ms.

Gyara da VD-7B injuna kira 3MN. Outwardly shi sãɓã wa jũna daga version kawai 3ms bonit. A saman kaho na VD-7B aka kange hatches ƙaddara ga venting na zafi iska daga ƙarƙashinta, belts kewaye. A jirgin, da jirgin sama ma ya sãɓã,: VD-7B engine bar wata alama sawu na hayaki.

Recent gyare-gyare

A shekarar 1960 zo da wani canji na jirgin sama, wanda aka kira 3MD. Yana featured mafi m kayan aiki da inganta aerodynamics. Motor zauna guda.

A 60th edition daga cikin jirgin sama fara samun koma baya haƙuri, kuma nan da nan daina gaba ɗaya. A kasar jagoranci ya canja manyan al'amurra tafi rocketry. Saboda haka, wani daga cikin kai harin gyare-gyare samu mota VD-7P sunan 3ME, ya kasance prototypes. Takeoff dirka injuna karu zuwa 11300 Sar. Gwaje-gwaje da aka za'ayi a shekara ta 1963. Duk da haka, jama'a har yanzu tunawa da jirgin sama 3m - Model tarihi ba ya kawo karshen nan.

Tare da raguwa a yawan dabarun kai harin, wasu daga cikinsu (version 3ms da 3MN) tuba a cikin motocin dakon to ƙara yawan man fetur ko abin wuta. Su refueled a cikin iska kamar yadda "Tu-95", da kuma sauran m tasiri 3m jirgin sama. Fetur 3m, ta haka, canza version na M-4-2. Amma, a gaskiya, shi ne duk wanda na'ura, kawai tare da daban-daban Motors da kuma alaka da ãyõyinMu.

kai matsaloli

A cikin marigayi 70s akwai bukatar a kai raka'a sabon makami mai linzami hadaddun da masana'antu a Baikonur cosmodrome. Saboda da manyan size, nauyi da kuma mai kyau kai nesa, babu wani daga cikin iri na na'ura mai ba zai iya warware wannan matsala. Alal misali, tsakiyar tanki shirin mai gabatarwa ya tsawon 40 da nisa - 8 mita. B. Myasischev tunãtar da kansa da kuma miƙa zuwa kawo lodi a kan fuselage daga m. 3m jirgin sama a lokacin an riga an janye daga kasuwa, kuma shi ne shugaban zanen Myasischev reconstituted a 1967 OKB. A shekarar 1978 ya dauki tsari. Lokacin da Vladimir mutu (Oktoba 14, 1978), aikinsa aka ci gaba da V. Fedotov.

Domin kada ya jinkirta da raya kasa, da kuma yi gwaji na jirgin sama m, uku aka zaba jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar man fetur. Suna nan da nan ya aiko don gwajin don gane kasawan. A sakamakon haka, da jirgin sama samu wani sabon firam da sabon panel na fuselage. Tailpiece rearranged da kuma mika ta 7 mita. A plumage aka biyu-keel. A yawan tsarin da majalisai sun inganta ko sauyawa. A jirage sa more iko injuna VD-7m tare da cire afterburner, dirka wanda ya kai 11,000 Sar. A wannan injuna, amma tare da afterburner, shigar a kan "Tu-22", duk da haka, ya riga an bayar.

A sakamakon haka, shi da aka ɓullo da biyar jirgin sama m jeri, kowanne daga abin da, saboda takamaiman tsauri da kuma jirgin halaye, yi nufi ga dukiya daga wani nauyi. A tsarin da ake kira 3m-T. Daya daga cikin uku jirgin sama gina aka canjawa wuri zuwa TsAGI domin a tsaye gwaje-gwaje. A ci gaba da sanye take da wani sanda MOTA KE SHAN MAI.

A 1980, da kai jirgin sama 3m-T aka farko tashe zuwa sama. A gwajin matukin Kucherenko farko hawa da kayan da a kan shi a kan Janairu 6 na gaba shekara. Daga bisani jirgin sake masa suna "Atlas ZM-T." A cikin transporters daga cikin jerin an hawa fiye da 150 kaya a Baikonur. Su koma duk da manyan sassa na gidaje "Energy" da "Bhutan". 3m Commercial Aircraft, photos of wanda a wani lokaci aka gane duk, a kai a kai da aka nuna a bukukuwa iri iri da jirgin sama, ciki har da a cikin iska show a shekarar 1992.

A karshe shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa jirgin sama "Tu-134A-3m", wanda shi ne wani lokacin rude tare da gwarzo na mu labarin saboda "3m" index a cikin sunan, ba dangane da shi ba. Duk da "Tu-134" - fasinja. A jirgin sama "Tu-134A-3m", kuma ya aikata ne VIP-version na gyara daga m 134SKH.

ƙarshe

A 2003, da 50th tunawa da M-4 jirgin sama na farko jirgin, wanda shi ne na farko-haifa a cikin iyali na Soviet kai harin. Abin mamaki, 3m model jirgin sama ne har yanzu samu a Air Force fama raka'a. Mun kawai bukatar sha'awan da talanti guda na zanen kaya suka gudanar a wuya post-yaki shekaru gina dabara, da ciwon irin wannan karfi da m.