Overview Baikonur Cosmodrome: description, tarihi da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Baikonur Cosmodrome, inda a cikin past rabin karni shi ne farkon na daya da rabi dubban kumbon sama jannati, har yanzu take kaiwa a yawan gabatar da. Godiya ga shi, Tarayyar Soviet ya iya daukar wani abu matsayi a cikin ci gaban da sarari masana'antu da kuma kimiyya, da barin baya da United States. Kyzylkum hamada ta zama tarihi wuri inda ya tashi a sarari farko cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, bayar da damar gudanar da hanya zuwa kewayewa da Earth fiye da dari na 'yan saman jannati, da wanda 62 mutane -' yan kasashen waje.

Farawa Baikonur

50-ies na XX karni da aka alama ta taba-kara kishi tsakanin USSR da Amurka a cikin soja Sphere, musamman, a cikin halittar intercontinental ballistic makamai masu linzami. A yi na Baikonur cosmodrome ya daya daga cikin matakai na gasar, a lokacin da na farko Soviet intercontinental ballistic harsashi ya za a gwada.

Tun da zane kewayon da jirgin ya fiye dubu takwas kilomita, da bukatar tashi domin wani sabon hanya ta cikin Asian ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma a lokaci guda mallakan hamada yankunan, m domin kawar da shaye ta roka, saukarwa da gina aunawa tashoshin.

A musamman hukumar nazari da zažužžuka dayawa: Dagestan, Mari ASSR, Astrakhan da Kyzylorda yankuna. A karshen wani zaɓi ne fiye da wasu hadu da bukatun da R-7 da roka designers, saboda shi yarda da ganiya sakawa na da abubuwa na ballistic makamai masu linzami da kuma rediyo amfani a farkon Duniya ta juyawa.

A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 1955, kwamitin ministoci soma wani umurnin № 292-181, karantar da fara gina makaman. Saboda haka a cikin Kazakhstan hamada bayyana "Polygon yawan 5" - nan gaba cosmodrome Baikonur.

sanya Baikonur

Bayan dauke da fitar bincike domin samarwa yi na Spaceport yankuna na Tarayyar Soviet gwamnatin hukumar ya zaɓi wani ɓangare na kowa Kazakhstan, an located zuwa hagu na Aral Sea, kusa da kauyen na Baikonur. Zabi yanki ne tsakanin Kazalinsk da Dzhusaly - yankin cibiyoyin Kyzylorda Oblast.

A yankin ne halin da lebur ƙasa da kuma kananan size, na yawan jama'ar. A saman da cewa shi ya faru a kusa da mota hanya da kuma wani jirgin line Moscow - Uzbekistan (sintiri Tyr-Tam), da kuma ci gaba da tsakiyar Asiya kogin Syr. Wadannan dalilai sun aikata da bayarwa na kayan, da kuma a nan gaba - da makamai masu linzami da kuma kayan aiki.

Amma, mafi muhimmanci factor ya gaban abu a kusa da ekweita, sa shi sauki da kaddamar da makamai masu linzami, tun a cikin wannan harka bugu da žari amfani da Duniya ta rotational gudun.

Daga farko zuwa barikin farko farkon

A farkon shekarar 1955 a yankin na gaba cosmodrome "Baikonur" majagaba zo - soja yi, kunsha na takwas battalions.

A farko aiki na da kwararru isa ya gina gidaje. Da farko katako barikin da aka gina.

Bugu da ari, da sojoji da kuma farar hula, magina da samuwar samar tushe, wanda hada kankare samar da shuke-shuke, domin bayani gyara, warehouses for yi kayan, kazalika da woodworking da sawmill.

By karshen 1956 da fifiko abubuwa na cosmodrome aka gina. Fara shirya aikin da makamai masu linzami da gwaje-gwaje.

By bazara na shekarar 1957 ma'auni tsarin da aka kafa a karkarar Baikonur. May 5, 1957 da gwamnatin aike na farko farko-up hadaddun aka kaddamar. Baikonur ya shirya domin jefa intercontinental makamai masu linzami.

A warware wannan matsala a cikin irin wannan gajeren lokaci da aka hade da munanan matsaloli.

Matsalolin hanya a cikin sarari

Da farko shiri ma'aikata gana da mai kauri sauyin yanayi a Kazakhstan da kuma asalin {rai. Farko shi ne wata alfarwa, sa'an nan, tare da isowa na bazara - da dugout. A farko katako barikin bayyana ne kawai a watan Mayu.

A karshen Yuli 1955 shi ne ya fara yi na kaddamar kushin lambar 1. Construction da aka za'ayi a kusa da nan kowane lokaci, a matsayin abu deadlines sun m.

Da farko, akwai wata kasawa na kayan aiki. Daga cikin kalmomi na jam'iyyar gini Baikonur ritaya kanar Sergei Alekseenko, a zubar da magina da aka sani kawai 5 scrapers, 2 bulldozers, biyu excavators da kuma 5 manyan motoci. By wadannan wajen, shi ya wajaba a gajeren lokaci don yin rami 50 zurfin mita. Kuma shi ne fiye da miliyan 1 cubic mita dutse!

Na sadu da dray lãka cewa ba shi yiwuwa ya dauki excavator. A halin da ake ciki da aka ajiye ashirin ton na bama-bamai. A hadarin yana da nauyi ƙwarai, a matsayin ayukan iska mai ƙarfi ayyukan da aka dakatar. Amma duk abin da aka yi da farko roka jefa.

A farko yana farawa

A farko jefa daga Baikonur Cosmodrome aka sanya bayan kawai kwanaki 10 bayan rattaba hannu yarda Baikonur jihar hukumar.

May 15, 1957 aka samu nasarar kaddamar da wani intercontinental ballistic harsashi 8K71 yawan 5L, wanda daga baya ya zama samfur na roka R-7 "Union". Duk da haka, kawai a kan 4 Oktoba na wannan shekara da aka kaddamar a cikin sarari na farko wucin gadi Duniya da tauraron dan adam.

Bugu da ari, shi ya har yanzu da yawa daga cikin karo na farko da irin farawa:

• Satumba 14, 1959 - farkon atomatik "Luna 2" tashar, ka tafi a kan Duniya ta surface na tauraron dan adam.
• Oktoba 4, 1959 - kaddamar da "Luna-3" hoton da baya gefe na Moon.
• Agusta 19, 1960 - Launch na "Vostok", wanda ya koma wani kwantena da karnuka.
• Afrilu 12, 1961 - Launch na "Vostok" da farko cosmonaut Yuriem Gagarinym.

Kalmar "Baikonur", "A jefa", "manned jirgin" sannu-sannu ya zama saba wa da jama'a na kasar mu.

A ci gaba da cosmodrome

Daya fara hadaddun ba a iyakance ga gina Baikonur cosmodrome. A nan gaba, da rabon gādonka a karkashin shi aka gina gidaje, tsara don linzami na daban-daban azuzuwan da kaya iya aiki, "Cyclone-M" m, "Union", "Zenith", "Walƙiya" matsakaici, "proton" nauyi da kuma "makamashi" super-m aji.

4 shekaru bayan gabatarwar farko farawa hadaddun na "Union" ta aka gina wani daya, kama da na farko.

A shekarar 1965, ya aka sa a farko shirin mai gabatarwa for "proton", da kuma a shekara daga baya - na biyu. A 1967, shi izini biyu shigarwa ga m roka "Cyclone". Next, da yi da kuma commissioning na sabon wuraren da aka tsaya har 1979. A shekarar 1979, a Kyzylorda yankin, inda Baikonur Cosmodrome, fara sarrafa biyu ƙarin shigarwa "proton".

related kayayyakin ci gaba wajen samar da Spaceport.

Overview Baikonur

Overview na Baikonur sarari cibiyar da iska m da kuma damar zuwa kimanta ta girma. Da farko, ta yanki ne m - 6717 murabba'in kilomita. Yana lullube daga arewa zuwa kudu ne 75 km, daga gabas zuwa yamma - 90 km.

A wannan yanayin, daidai yi magana da "Baikonur" hadaddun, wanda kunshi da spaceport da birnin.

Ground kayayyakin kunshi goma sha biyu jefa gidaje. Duk da haka, a cikin aiki akwai kawai shida: for roka "Soyuz", "Zenith", "proton", "Energy", "Energy-Buran".

Gina goma sha taro ginin, inda horo jefa motocin (LV), boosters domin jefa. Akwai kuma wani ma'auni tsarin da Nunin Center, da oxygen-nitrogen shuka domin samar da cryogenic kayayyakin.

Aunawa da maki spaced tare da Rasha da kuma Kazakh ƙasa bisa ga jirgin hanyoyi da kuma matakai na roka fadowa yankunan.

ban sha'awa bayani

Me kuma za ka ce game da irin wannan makaman a matsayin Baikonur jefa site? Tarihi spaceport kiyaye da yawa ban sha'awa facts a lokacin.

Ban sha'awa da farko asalin sunanta. A cikin yankin na arewacin kakar na Tau wani kananan Kazakh kauyen Boykonyr (a Rasha shi sauti kamar Baikonur).

Tun da makami mai linzami site shi ne abu na asiri, aka yanke shawarar fara yi na ƙarya spaceport kusa da wannan kauyen da kuma kira shi Baikonur ya gauraye American m. Soviet kafofin watsa labarai wuri m gabatar da na tauraron dan adam ya nuna kauyen Baikonur, ko da yake a gaskiya shi aka yi tare da polygon yawan 5, wanda don wani lokaci sa da code sunan "Taiga".

Sha'awa, da "Baikonur" an kare har ƙarshen 60s.

Lokacin da digging wani rami don a jefa kushin bonfire tsoho mutane da aka samu (shekaru binciken jeri daga 10 zuwa 30 shekara dubu). Lokacin da wannan koya janar zanen Korolyov, ya kira shi mai farin ciki wuri domin nan gaba makami mai linzami gabatar da.

Su ne facts game da "labarbaru daga rai." Da zarar ta sallami for sabis tsarin 12 (goma sha biyu!) Ton barasa. A gaskiya, ga wanka da tsarin shi ya dauki kawai 7 tons. Domin kada ya yanke da shaci gaba wadata, ya yanke shawarar lambatu sauran sneaking barasa cikin ramin, fada barci.

Duk da haka, da sirrin da aka ko ta yaya ya bayyana yi sandarsa, "bushe" dokar cewa rinjaye a shafin da aka nan da nan sun sãɓa. Duk da haka, wannan matsalar da aka sauri warware Baikonur Cosmodrome shiriya: barasa da aka kone a wani rami.

Baikonur bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet ta jefa site ya waje da iyakoki da magaji ga Soviet Rasha da kuma zama cikin dũkiyar Kazakhstan. Hakika, akwai matsaloli a cikin aiki. Rayuwa da kuma yanayin aiki na soja magina sharply rincabewa. Wannan ya sa a yi hargitsi a tsakaninsu. Mutane da yawa daga gare su, da ciwon samu iznin, koma da baya ba.

A irin wannan abu ya faru a 1993 da sojoji, a shirye su "proton". Dalilin da fushin ya zama wani ɓangare na understaffed. Rocketeer yi aiki domin uku.

A shekarar 2003, sake tayar soja injiniyoyi. A wannan lokaci cikin hanyar bore shi ne jita-jita cewa bayan gina da cosmodrome "Gabas" Cosmodrome - Baikonur, wanda filin wasa har yanzu ana amfani ga gabatar da na Rasha roka, za a rufe, kuma shi zai aika runduna zuwa Siberia.

A sakamakon da uncontrolled outflow na ma'aikata ya rage yawan mutanen birnin Baikonur. Mutane da yawa daga cikin Apartments sun komai. Mazauna koma saukar, ba tare da ko da shan furniture. Mazauna kauyuka lugar komai Apartments kai-kama ko sata.

Yarjejeniyar tsakanin Rasha da Kazakhstan a kan haya na landfill, ya kammala a shekara ta 1994, tsira da halin da ake ciki. babbar yawa kudi da aka kasaftawa a kayyade shi.

Baikonur yau

Yau, birnin rayuwa da jama'a na kasashen biyu: Rasha da Kazakhstan. Tafi ne da matsaloli tare da "al'umma". Mai rai Baikonur jefa sabis naka PH.

Daga Janairu 2016 zuwa yanzu kashe nasarar kaddamar daga cosmodrome "Baikonur" takwas roka. Yana da aka shirya don gudanar da shida mafi runs.

Duk da haka, ba duk Rasha da tsare-tsaren saduwa da fahimtar Kazakh gefe.

Gaskiyar ita ce, da "Baikonur" ci gaba gabatar da na "proton" roka da cewa gudanar a kan sosai guba man fetur.

A wannan batun, kowane jefa daga cosmodrome "Baikonur" haddasa damunsu cikin Kazakh hukumomi, musamman a cikin jefa gazawar. Kuma tun wannan cũtar da muhalli, shi ya sanya Rasha Kazakhstan manyan asusun.

Humor Baikonur

A ƙofar zuwa cikin gari za ka iya ganin wata alama, tare da image a cikin ƙananan ɓangare na hakar gwal fitowa daga cikin kasa da kuma a saman - na farko da tauraron dan adam. "Daga cikin kogo - a sarari" - wani sunan da aka ba wa abin tunawa ga mazauna Baikonur.

Akwai a cikin birnin da kuma "Japanese Islands" da "Kananan Duniya", da kuma "tsakanin Sin da Rasha" - ne ta unguwannin. Ba shi da wuya a tsammani cewa, dalilin da bayyanar da wadannan sunayen. Hakika, waɗanda wuya yanayi ta hanyar abin da na yi je mazauna Baikonur - magina na Baikonur cosmodrome.