A akidar populism. Revolutionary populism. Populism - shi ne ...

Abin da muka sani game da populism? Zai yiwu mu zurfafa su ilmi? Bayan karanta wannan labarin, lalle za ku sami wani sabon abu.

Saboda haka, populism - shi ne mai zamantakewa da siyasa motsi a wasu sashen dutsen da kawo dukkan, kazalika da akida rukunan da Rasha Empire, rabi na biyu na 19th - farkon. 20th ƙarni. Manufar da magoya bayan wannan shugabanci ya ci gaban kasa model na ba-jari hujja juyin halitta da kuma sauka a hankali karbuwa na yawan zuwa yanayi na gudana zamani. Populism - shi ne mai tsarin ra'ayoyi da rinjaye, yafi a cikin kasashen da a yawanci m tattalin arzikin a cikin sito a lokacin miƙa mulki ga masana'antu mataki na ci gaba (sai dai Rasha, shi ya Poland da Ukraine, da Caucasus kasashen da Baltic jihohin).

A halin yanzu, kimiyya da aka nuna cewa, cikin wakilan yi kira ga talakawa, ana shiryar da ba kawai ta hanyar siyasa expediency nan da nan kawar da autocracy (wannan shi ne manufar da juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi a cikin waɗannan kwanaki), amma ciki bukatar haduwa al'adu biyu - jama'a da kuma ilimi aji. Populism - shi ne irin na utopian gurguzanci tare da wasu gyare-gyare ayyukan da yawa a cikin duniyoyin da jama'a rayuwa. A baza na wannan sabon abu da gudummawar da hadin kai na al'umma ta cire aji fitattun abubuwa da kuma samar da bango don ƙirƙirar guda doka jama'a ga mutanen da dukan strata.

kafa populism

Sun kasance Herzen da Chernyshevsky. Amma da farko alamun za a iya gano a cikin ayyukan A. N. Radischeva, A. S. Pushkina, N. V. Gogolya, kuma A. Ya Chaadaev, wanda ya nuna babban sha'awa a cikin zaman jama'a al'amurran da suka shafi a cikin ayyukansu, "gaskiya na rayuwa." Shi ne daga nan kuma ta samo asali ne a Rasha populism.

Herzen

A 1830 Herzen zama sha'awar Hegelianism, ya yi imani da cewa key zuwa zamanto dole ne begen sirri ci gaba, da kuma shawo kan zamantakewa da kuma ruhaniya zaluncin kan ta. Duk da haka, masanan basu ji dadin a cikin ci gaban Turai, ya yi imani a cikin kasar, a populism a Rasha. Herzen gan ta nan gaba a cikin canji na dukiya dangantakar, wadda ake bisa goyon baya dole ne a nuna da kuma juna al'umma members. Duk wadannan igiyoyin da populism, ya samu a cikin al'umma. Herzen ganin darajarsa da koyaswarsa hidima na manoma a Rasha, ya sa su "halitta" collectivism nisa sama da abinda ya shafi bukatun na Turawa. ka'idojin tsara ta da shi, ya kafa tushen da wani asali manufar "Rasha gurguzanci".

Chernyshevsky

Chernyshevsky, a daya hannun, aka fascinated da "Westernism" da ra'ayin social ci gaba dangane da imani da universality na zaman jama'a da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki, kazalika da al'umma na Turai da kuma Rasha raya hanyoyi. A bambanci ga m Herzen ta manufar "maras neman sauyi gurguzanci", ya bai sarauta daga m ƙuduri na zamantakewa al'amurran da suka shafi ta. Chernyshevsky ya Masani game da bukatar dogon lokacin da ilimi da siyasa da aikin cikin mutane, na warware manyan matsalolin zamantakewa. Wannan jama'a adadi ya inganta ideas na kwata 'yanci na manoma daga ƙasar ba tare da ramuwa, kawar da burokrasi, cin hanci da rashawa, dauke da fitar garambawul na jihar na'ura, kungiyar na gida kai gwamnati, babban taron vsesoslovnogo wakilin cibiyoyin da kuma kafa tsarin mulki domin. Mutane da yawa m radicals samu a cikin ayyukansu ba kira ga dogon lokacin da bayar da shawarwari aiki, amma da ra'ayin neman sauyi canji na kasar.

Wadannan ra'ayoyin biyu - matsakaici (m) da kuma m (juyin juya halin Musulunci) populism zama dalili na biyu igiyoyin. Dauke neman sauyi shugabanci na tsakiya na 1850, kuma kafin 1881. Bayan kisan kai da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II (1 Maris 1881) da kuma har zuwa farkon karni na 20th, mafi yadu m m.

Populism - shi ne na musamman al'adu sabon abu

Asalin populism ake dangantawa da tarihin samuwar na kawo dukkan a Rasha. A ra'ayin na tausayi ga mutum zunubi (Berdyaev) fentin wani dukan tsarin na jama'a sani na kasar mu a rabi na biyu na karni na 19th. Populism akidar kokarin hada abubuwa na Westernism da Slavophilism. Ra'ayoyi - maras jari hujja hanyar raya kasa, da miƙa mulki ga gurguzanci collectivism tsare yankunan karkara - sun zama ware da kuma gagarumin sabon abu na Rasha falsafa da kuma al'adu. Wannan tsarin na ra'ayoyi a general dauke da aiki abubuwa na zahiri, duk da utopianism. A zuciya na halin kirki manufa - da imani da halin kirki da kuma mai kyau da za a iya canza duniya ga mafi alhẽri. Populists ba su yi ĩmãni da Allah sun natsu da wadanda basu yarda, duk da haka, a cikin su ideas mu samu a kan manufar "gurguzanci" da "Kirista dabi'u."

Mabiya na wannan yunkuri da aka saki daga jama'a sani karkashin umurnin da coci, amma ya kasance kowa al'adu Kirista hadisai. Populism akidar autocracy sanya rigakafi ga m zabi zuwa jihar liberalism. Musulmai masu sassaucin ra'ayi ga hukumomin 'yan tawayen, don haka da sarauta da iko ya sami goyon bayan kawai a wani ra'ayin mazan jiya yanayi, abin da kyakkyawan gaggãwa ta mutuwa.

Kwatance kuma yayi

Bisa ga digiri na tsattsauran ra'ayi suke da daraja:

• A lokacin ra'ayin mazan jiya.
• m-neman sauyi.
• zamantakewa da juyin juya halin Musulunci populism.
• Anarchist.

Conservative reshe da aka hade da slavophiles (Insurance, Grigoriev). Its ayyuka ne kalla karatu da aka wakilta, yafi da aikin da ma'aikatan mujallar "Week" Chervinsky P. kuma I. Kablitz.

Wakilai daga cikin masu sassaucin ra'ayi-neman sauyi (ra'ayoyin masu sassautan) reshe na 60-70s na karni na 19th: Elisha ( "Littafi" magazine), Zlatovratski, Obolensky, St. Michael Korolenko (1868-1884, "Domestic rikodin"), Krivenko, Yuzhakov, Vorontsov da kuma sauran . Jagoranci da akidojin sun Lavrov da kuma Mikhailovsky.
Magoya bayan zamantakewa neman sauyi shugabanci Narodnichestvo gangarawa Tkachev, kuma wasu har ba su gamsu Morozov saiti a inganta dogon shiri da kuma zamantakewa daukan hotuna. Su kusantar da ra'ayin da hanzari, mugun gudu up juyin juya halin.

Anarchist reshe kalubalanci bukatar canji a cikin kasar. Populists Anarchist Kropotkin da Bakunin sun tababa game da gwamnati, ciki har da ta, bautar da suppressing 'yancin mutum. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, shi ya taka leda a lokacin da mafi hallakaswa rawa, amma yana cikin ka'idar da dama tabbatacce ideas.

A farko kulake da kuma kungiyoyin

A cikin shekaru 1856-1858 akwai wani farfaganda da'irar a Kharkov University. A 1861 an maye gurbinsu da ƙungiyar zo karkashin jagorancin PE da PG Agriropulo Zainchevskogo a Moscow. Its mambobi ne kawai hanyar da ta sauya fasalin kewaye gaskiya aka dauke a juyin juya halin.

"Land da kuma Freedom"

A mafi yawan iko m kungiyar na St. Petersburg a 1861-1864 shekaru kasance da "Land da kuma Freedom". Its mambobi (Sleptcov, Kurochkin, hoops, Utin, Rymarenko) mafarkin na "da yanayi na juyin juya halin." A shirin na Society featured da canja wurin da ƙasar ga manoma (shirya domin fansa), sauyawa dukkan jami'an zabe da jami'an, akan rage soja kashe kudi da fādar sarki. Duk da haka, wadannan kayan abinci ba su samu isasshen goyon bayan da a cikin mutane, kuma kamar yadda sakamakon kungiyar wargaza, sauran ba ko da ya gano sarauta kide da sabis.

"Ishutintsy"

Ishutina neman sauyi jama'a girma daga da'irar, 'yan kungiyar "Land da kuma Freedom". Burinsa ya shirya baƙauye juyin juya halin da mãkirci ilimi kungiyoyin. A wani kokarin kawo wa rai wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin da Chernyshevsky don ƙirƙirar nazarinsa da kuma hadin kan, da mambobi ne na al'umma bude a Moscow a free makaranta a 1865, dauri da kuma dinki nazarinsa, ta gudanar da tattaunawar game da kafa ƙungiya, tare da ma'aikata Lyudinovo ironworks a Kaluga lardin, ta kafa wani auduga factory kan Association a 1865 a Mozhaisk gundumar. "Ishutintsy" Chernyshevsky shirya kubuta daga kurkuku, amma su aiki da aka katse 4 ga Afrilu, 1866 yunkurin Karakozov, daya daga cikin mambobi na wannan al'umma, da sarki. A wannan yanayin fiye da 2,000 populists sun zo karkashin bincike, 36 da aka yankewa hukuncin daban-daban matakan da ikon (Karakozov - rataye Ishutin sanya shi a cikin Kadaitaccen kurkuku, cikin Shlisselburg sansanin soja, inda ya baya ya tafi mahaukaci).

"Mutane na kisan kiyashin"

Wannan kungiyar karkashin jagorancin Nechayev wakilta wani m motsi populism da aka kafa a 1869 a birnin Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg. Yana kunshi mutane 77. Its manufa aka kuma shirya wani "mutane ta juyin juya halin". Sergei Nechayev aiwatuwa a cikin kungiyar ta tsantseni da kuma rashin ka'idodin, da ha'inci, da mulkin kama karya. Da shi a fili bayar da shawarwari P. L. Lavrov, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa "babu wanda ya isa ya hadarin shi sai tilas halin kirki tsarki gwagwarmaya, kuma ya kamata ba zubar da wani daya karin drop of jini." Nechayev ake kira ta'addanci, tsokana. Ya hakikance cewa irin hanyoyin zai zama da amfani a loosening yanayin, zai kawo wani haske nan gaba. Ivanov, da yake magana da Nechayev, daga baya aka tuhuma da laifin cin amanar kasa da kuma kashe. 'Yan sanda ya bude wani laifi, da kuma shugaban kungiyar gudu zuwa kasashen waje, amma da aka samu, kama da kokarin a matsayin na kowa laifi.

Wannan akida bai zama a banza, da kuma nuna a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci da tunani na sauran jihohi. Saboda haka, za mu sadu da populism (karni XX) a cikin populist ƙungiyoyi daga cikin kasashe masu tasowa domin da yawa shekaru masu zuwa.