Rasha al'ada a farkon rabin karni na 19th (short)

Rasha al'ada a farkon rabin karni na 19th - wani gagarumin milestone a ci gaba na ruhaniya da kuma kyawawan dabi'u na Rasha al'umma. Shi ne mai ban mamaki da abin da sikelin soma da m tsari, da zurfin da abun ciki da kuma richness. Domin rabin karni da al'adu al'umma ya karu zuwa wani sabon matakin: multifaceted, sautunan, musamman.

Fage asalin da kuma al'adu ci gaban da "zinariya shekaru"

A ci gaba da Rasha al'ada a farkon rabin karni na 19th ne saboda da babban mataki na kasa da bukatun. Agaji da ilimi fara mayar karkashin Catherine II, ya ba impetus ga ci gaban ilimi, da bude wani jam'i na makarantun da kuma karfafawa na sabon ilmi.

Tura iyakoki na jihar a cikinsa akwai game da 165 daban-daban al'ummai tare da su kwastan da kuma haukan. Ci gaba da al'adar magabata, sabon navigators da discoverers.

Rasha-Faransa War of 1812 rinjayi samuwar m ideas, kyawawan dabi'u na Rasha mutane. Art al'adun Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th, janyo hankalin da amfani na kasa sani kunshe a cikin al'umma.

Duk da haka, da siyasa halin da ake ciki a kasar ba su ba da cikakken 'yancin da su aiwatar da duk ra'ayoyi a art. A tawaye na Decembrists da ayyukan sirrin al'ummu sun tilasta Rasha sarakuna hana shigar azzakari cikin farji daga m ra'ayoyi a wani al'adu Sphere.

kimiyya

Inganta Jama'a Ilimi gane al'adun Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th. A takaice za a iya kira ambivalent. A daya hannun, bude sabon makarantu, a kan sauran - aka gabatar da tsauraran matakan yin katsalandan, misali, soke darussa na falsafa. Bugu da kari, jami'o'i da makarantun nahawu sun kullum a karkashin tsauraran dubawa na ma'aikatar ilimi.

Duk da wannan, da Rasha al'ada a farkon rabin karni na 19th aka halin mai girma tsalle a gaban kimiyya.

Biology da Medicine

Tara zuwa farkon karni na 19th, da littattafai na Flora da fauna bukatar sake tunani da kuma ci gaban sabon theories. Wadannan yi Rasha naturalists KM Baer, IA Dvigubsky, IE Dyadkovsky.

wani arziki tarin shuke-shuke da dabbobi da aka tattara daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Kuma a 1812 aka bude daga cikin Botanical Garden a Crimea.

A gagarumin taimako ga ci gaban magani gabatar NI Pies. Mun gode wa sadaukarwa aiki na duniya koyi cewa wani soja filin tiyata.

Geology da kuma ilmin taurari

Tun farkon karni jira a fuka-fuki, da kuma binciken kasa. Its raya kasa ya rungumi duk Rasha asashe.

A gagarumin nasara shi ne Shirin zanen na farko ma'aunan kasa taswirar Rasha a 1840. Na sanya shi wani bincike masanin kimiyya NI Koksharov.

Ilmin taurari bukaci sosai, kuma tsaurara kimantawa da kuma lura. Sai da na ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo. A tsari ƙwarai Rudunar lokacin da Pulkovo Observatory da aka kafa a 1839.

LISSAFI da kuma Physics

A lissafi, su yi binciken duniya sikelin. Saboda haka, NI Lobachevsky ya zama shahararren domin "ba Euclidean lissafi." PL Chebyshev tabbatar da dokar manyan lambobi, da kuma MV Ostrogradsky tsunduma a analytical kuma wani sarari suKe makanikai.

A farkon rabin karni na 19th iya kira zinariya lokaci kimiyyar lissafi, tun da farko electromagnetic gidan waya (Schilling PL), sakamakon samu ta hanyar lantarki lighting kwarewa (V. Petrov) ƙirƙira electromotor an halitta (Lenz Abubakar).

architecture

Art al'adun Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th, yaja jama'a sha'awa. A mafi muhimmanci alama ta ci gaba da aka da m canji na styles, kazalika da su hade.

A cikin gine-gine zuwa 1840s classicism mulki. Empire style za a iya samu a cikin da dama daga gine-gine na biyu dajiya, kazalika da yawa yankin cibiyoyin, da wani lardin birni.

Domin wannan lokaci ne halin da gina gine-gine was. Alal misali, wasan kwaikwayo Square Moscow ko a St. Petersburg majalisar dattijai.

Shahararren wakilan wannan salon ne ya halitta al'adun Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th. Architecture bayyana a cikin rubuce-rubucen na AD Zakharova, KI Rossi, DI Gilardi, OI Beauvais.

Empire aka maye gurbinsu da Rasha-Byzantine style, a cikin abin da Kristi Mai-Ceto Cathedral, da gidan makamai (m KA Ton) da aka gina.

zanen

Domin wannan lokaci a cikin art ne halin da wani amfani a cikin mutum talakawan mutum. Artists ana motsi daga gargajiya Littafi Mai Tsarki da kuma mythological style.

Classicism a zanen da aka wakilta Karlom Bryullovym, wanda a cikin zane-zane ya nuna heroism, da mutuncinsu, da yawa daga cikin kowa mutum. Mafi shahara daga cikin ayyukansa - shi ne "kwanaki na arshe na Pompeii," "The Rider", "Kai Vertical", da dai sauransu

The ban tausayi rabo mai girma fenta A. A. Ivanova, marubucin babban aiki, "bayyanar Almasihu zuwa ga mutane." Sama da shi, ya yi aiki domin a shekaru 20. Kuma ya rasu, ba da sanin abin da ya faru ga m rabo a cikin wannan zanen.

Dalili na hakikanci sa P. A. Fedotov, wanda, tare da Genre zane-zane da zamantakewa ciki furor a cikin al'umma. Kowa ya san "Fresh cavalier" ko "Courting Major".

sassaka

Rasha al'ada a farkon rabin karni na 19th ɓullo da a ƙarƙashin rinjayar baya yaki na 1812 da Napoleon. Shafi wannan, kuma sassaka. Famous abin tunawa ga Minin da Pozharsky, wanda tsaye a kan Red Square, da artist IP Martos sculpted a tsakiyar yaki.

A ci gaba da Rasha monumental sassaka dã ya kasance ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da JJu Shchedrin, wanda caryatids ƙawata da Admiralty ginin.

Daga cikin sauran manyan sculptors na lokaci sun II Terebenev ( "Battle of Poltava"), VI Demuth-Malinovsky, BI Orlowski (adadi mala'ika a kan Alexander shafi), da dai sauransu

music

Babbar rinjayar da jaruntakar da dandana al'adun Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th. Music ya halartar rinjayar jama'a karin waƙa, kazalika da al'amurran da suka shafi kasa. Wadannan yayi daidai da wasar kwaikwayo ta waka "Ivan Susanin" KA Kavos, samfurin AA Alyabiev, AE Varlamov.

MI Glinka shagaltar da wani tsakiyar wuri a cikin composers. Yana amince da wani sabon hadisin da ya bude unprecedented kafin wannan salo. A wasan opera "A Life ga Tsar" cikakken nuna jigon duk makadi ta kerawa.

Rasha al'ada a farkon rabin karni na 19th ba Yunƙurin ga wani m mawaki wanda ya gabatar da music Genre na m wasan kwaikwayo. Yana AS "Mermaid" Dargomyzhsky da babbar wasar kwaikwayo ta waka.

wasan kwaikwayo

Rasha Theater bude kofa ga tunanin, kusan bar babban wasanni a cikin gargajiya style. Yanzu akwai aka mamaye romantic dalilinsa, ban tausayi mãkirci daga cikin play.

Daya daga cikin shahararrun wakilan da Theatrical yanayi ya PS Mochalov, wanda ya yi rawar da alƙarya da Ferdinand (Shakespeare).

Rasha kawo canji na riko, MS Shchepkin zo daga serfs. Ya yi wani sabon gaba daya ra'ayin, da wanda da rawar ganin darajarsa da kuma Moscow Kananan wasan kwaikwayo shi ne mafi rare makõma tsakanin 'yan kallo.

Idon basira style a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo da aka kawo game da bisa ga ayyukan AS Pushkin AS Griboyedov.

adabi

A mafi muhimmanci matsalolin zamantakewa daidai da al'adu na Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th. Wallafe-wallafe ƙarfafa shaidar dan kasa, Magana game da tarihi da na kasar. Wani misali na wannan ne m aiki na NM Karamzin.

Romanticism a cikin adabi da aka gabatar da irin wannan shahararren Figures a matsayin VA Zhukovsky, {ungiyar AI, Odoyevski, farkon AS Pushkin. Late mataki na Pushkin - ne da labarun almara. "Boris Godunov", "The Captain 'Yar", "The Bronze doki" rubũtacce a cikin wannan shugabanci. Bugu da kari, HU Lermontov halitta a "Hero of Our Lokaci", wanda shi ne wani misali mai kyau na hakikanci wallafe-wallafe.

M hakikanci ya zama tushen da kerawa, NV Litattafan Gogol ( "The abakwat," "Sufeto").

Daga cikin sauran 'yan adabi cewa rinjayi da samuwar, za a iya kira da AN Ostrowski, tare da rashin idon basira kwaikwaiyo, IS Turgenev, wanda ya sadaukar da hankali ga jigo na kauye ƙasar da kuma yanayi, kazalika da DV Grigorovich.

Wallafe-wallafe da ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga al'adu ci gaban Rasha. A farkon rabin karni na 19th ne halin da samuwar na zamani da wallafe-wallafen harshen maye gurbin nauyi da kuma kowanne kofa harshe na karni 18th. The aiki na marubuta da kuma kasida na wannan lokaci ya muhimmanci da kuma tasiri a kan kara raya ba kawai Rasha, amma kuma duniya al'ada.

Wanne kunshi da kuma sake tunani da ayyukan Rasha da Turai wayewar, al'adu da Rasha a farkon rabin karni na 19th halitta mai karfi kafuwar ga m cigaban kimiyya da fasaha a nan gaba.