A atomic icebreaker "Lenin". Rasha nukiliya icebreakers

Rasha - wata kasa tare da wani sararin ƙasa a cikin Arctic. Duk da haka, su ci gaba ne ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da wani iko da jiragen ruwa, wanda damar kafaffen kewayawa a matsananci yanayi. Domin wadannan dalilai, a cikin kwanaki na Rasha Empire 'yan icebreakers aka gina. Tare da ci gaban fasahar ba su more zamani injuna. A karshe, cikin nukiliya-powered icebreaker "Lenin" da aka gina a shekara ta 1959. A lokacin da aka kafa ta, shi ne a duniya kawai farar hula jirgin da makaman nukiliya reactor, wanda kuma zai iya zama a cikin tẽku ba tare da MOTA KE SHAN MAI for 12 days. Ya bayyanar a cikin sararin Arctic muhimmanci ƙara lokacin kiranka na kewayawa a Arewa Sea Route.

prehistory

Duniya na farko icebreaker da aka gina a 1837 a Amurka birnin Philadelphia da kuma aka yi nufi ga halakar da kankara cover a cikin gida harbor. Bayan shekaru 27 a Rasha Empire jirgin "Pilot" an halitta, wadda aka kuma amfani da gudanar da jiragen ruwa ta kankara a tashar jiragen ruwa yanki. A wurin ta amfani ya zama St. Petersburg tashar jiragen ruwan teku. Da ɗan baya, a 1896, a Ingila halitta na farko kogin icebreaker. Yana da aka samu izini da Ryazan-Ural Railway Company da aka yi amfani da a Saratov mararraba. Kusan lokaci guda, akwai bukatar ga aiwatar da kaya sufuri a m yankunan na Rasha arewa, don haka a karshen karni na 19th a masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa Armstrong Whitworth aka gina da farko jirgin a duniya ta yi aiki a Arctic yanayi, da ake kira "Ermak". Yana da aka saya da kasar mu, kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na Baltic rundunar motoci har 1964. Wani shahararren jirgin - da icebreaker "Krasin" (har zuwa 1927 ta haifa da sunan "Svyatogor") halarci Arctic convoys a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Bugu da kari, a lokacin daga 1921 zuwa 1941. Baltic masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa gina takwas tasoshin ga aiki a cikin Arctic.

Origin icebreaker: Halayen da kuma Description

Icebreaker "Lenin", wanda aka aiko a kan wani biki a shekarar 1985, a yau ya juya zuwa cikin gidan kayan gargajiya. Its tsawon shi ne 134 m, nisa - 27,6 m, da kuma tsawo - 16.1 m a kawar da na 16 ton. A jirgin ruwa biyu nukiliya reactors aka shigar hudu injin turbin kuma a total damar 32.4 wutar, inda ya ke iya matsawa a gudun 18 kullin. Bugu da ƙari, na farko icebreaker aka sanye take da biyu kai dauke ikon shuke-shuke. All yanayi da aka halicci ma a kan jirgin don wani dadi zaman na ƙungiya a lokacin watanni na Arctic expeditions.

Wane ne ya halitta da farko nukiliya-powered icebreaker Tarayyar Soviet

Aiki a kan wani farar hula jirgin ruwa, sanye take da wani nukiliya engine, an gane a matsayin musamman alhakin aiki. Bayan duk, Tarayyar Soviet, a cikin wasu abubuwa, da matsananciyar bukata duk da haka wani misali mai gaskatãwa ga tabbatarwa cewa "gurguzu zarra" ne na zaman lafiya da kuma m. A daidai wannan lokaci, babu daya shakka cewa nan gaba shugaban zanen na nukiliya-powered icebreaker kamata da m kwarewa a gina tasoshin cewa zai iya aiki a cikin Arctic. A cikin wadannan yanayi, an yanke shawarar sanya ga wannan alhakin matsayin VI Neganova. Wannan mashahuri zanen kafin yaki aka bayar da Stalin Prize for zane na farko Soviet Arctic icebreaker line. A shekarar 1954 aka nada shugaba zanen na nukiliya-powered icebreaker "Lenin" da ya fara aiki tare da I. I. Afrikantovym kallafa wa mayar da hankali a kan samar da wani atomic engine ga wannan jirgin ruwa. Ba dole ne a ce da biyu da constructor masana kimiyya brilliantly sun jimre da su da ayyuka, da abin da suka aka bayar da muƙamin Hero of Socialist Labor.

Me gabãta halittar farko Soviet nukiliya-powered icebreaker

A yanke shawarar fara aiki a kan halittar farko Soviet nukiliya-powered submarine ta yi aiki a yanayi Arctic aka wuce da majalisar ministocin kasar a watan Nuwamba 1953. A ra'ayi na musamman fasali na ayyuka, an yanke shawarar gina layout na engine dakin da jirgin na nan gaba a cikin m darajar da ita don gudanar da aiki layout mafita zanen kaya. Ta haka ne guje da bukatar wani gyare-gyare, ko lahani a lokacin yi kai tsaye a kan jirgin ruwa. Bugu da kari, kafin designers, tsara na farko Soviet nukiliya-powered icebreaker, an kallafa wa kawar da duk wani yiwuwar ƙwanso lalacewar da kankara, don haka na musamman high-ƙarfi karfe da aka halitta a "Prometheus" sanannen institute.

A tarihin gina icebreaker "Lenin"

Kai tsaye zuwa aiki a kan halittar jirgin ya fara a 1956 a Birnin Leningrad, Shipbuilding Shuka. Andre Marty (a shekara ta 1957 an sake masa suna cikin Admiralty Shuka). A lokaci guda wasu na ta m tsarin da aka gyara aka tsara da kuma tattaru a sauran shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, inji mai farfela aka kerarre ta Kirov shuka, propulsion Motors - da Leningrad shuka "Electrosila", da kuma babban injin turbin janareto ne sakamakon aikin na Kharkov Electromechanical Shuka ma'aikata. Ko da yake kaddamar da jirgin ya faru a farkon hunturu a shekara ta 1957, saka kawai nukiliya shuka a shekara ta 1959, bayan da makaman nukiliya-powered icebreaker "Lenin" da aka aika zuwa da nassi daga teku gwaji.

Tun lokacin da jirgin ya a lokacin da wani musamman, shi ne batun kasar girman kai. Saboda haka, a lokacin yi da kuma m gwaji shi akai-akai nuna high waje baƙi kamar mambobi na gwamnatin kasar Sin, kazalika 'yan siyasa, wanda aka gudanar a wancan lokaci, firaministan kasar Birtaniya da kuma mataimakin shugaban kasar Amurka.

yi tarihin

A lokacin kewayawa halarta a karon farko Soviet nukiliya-powered icebreaker ji dadin mai kyau suna ta hanyar nuna wani m yi, kuma mafi muhimmanci, gaban irin wannan jirgin ruwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Soviet Navy taimake mika kewayawa lokaci na 'yan makonni.

Shekara bakwai bayan da farkon aiki, an yanke shawarar zuwa maye gurbin m trehreaktornuyu nukiliya kafuwa a kan wani biyu-reactor. Bayan da haɓaka jirgin koma aiki, da kuma a lokacin rani na shekara ta 1971 ya zama na farko nukiliya-powered surface jirgin ruwa, wanda zai iya wuce da Arewa iyakacin duniya na Duniya ta. Af, da ganima daga cikin balaguro ya na iyakacin duniya bear, da aka ba wa tawagar Birnin Leningrad, Zoo.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, a 1989 "Lenin" aiki da aka kammala. Duk da haka, na farko-haife na Soviet nukiliya icebreaker rundunar motoci ba barazana tare da gushewa. Ganin cewa ya aka sanya a kan madawwami parking a Murmansk, shirya a kan jirgin cikin gidan kayan gargajiya inda za ka iya ganin sha'awa farfado a kan ci gaban nukiliya icebreaker jiragen ruwa na Tarayyar Soviet.

Hatsarori a kan "Lenin"

Domin shekaru 32, har sai da na farko nukiliya-powered icebreaker Tarayyar Soviet ya domin, biyu hatsarori faru a kan ta. A farko daya faru a shekara ta 1965. A sakamakon haka, an partially lalace reactor core. Don kawar da sakamakon wannan hadari, wasu na man fetur da aka sanya a plavtehbazu, da kuma sauran unloaded da kuma sanya shi a cikin wani akwati.

Kamar yadda a karo na biyu al'amarin, to, a 1967 an rajista jirgin ruwa fasaha ma'aikata daga ƙarƙashinsu, a cikin bututun na uku reactor kewaye. A sakamakon haka, ya zama dole don maye gurbin dukan sashe atomic icebreaker kuma lalace kayan aiki towed kuma sunk a Gulf na Tsivolki.

"Arctic"

A tsawon lokaci, don ci gaban guda al'arshi na Arctic yi kadan atomic icebreaker. Saboda haka, da gina wani biyu irin wannan jirgin da aka kaddamar a 1971. Sun kasance sũ ne "Arctic" - nukiliya-Powered icebreaker, wanda bayan mutuwar Leonida Brezhneva fara gudanar da sunansa. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru na perestroika na farko sunan jirgin da aka sake dawo, kuma shi ya yi aiki a karkashin shi har 2008.

Fasaha halaye na biyu Soviet nukiliya-Powered

"Arctic" - nukiliya-powered icebreaker, wanda shi ne na farko surface jirgin ruwa, gudanar ya isa da Arewa iyakacin duniya. Bugu da kari, ya aikin da aka asali rajista da ikon da sauri maida da ya shiga jirgi zuwa yaƙi jirgin ruwa na soja karin, iya aiki a Arctic yanayi. Wannan ya yiwu sun fi mayar da godiya ga gaskiya cewa zanen na nukiliya icebreaker "Arktika", tare da aiki da tawagar injiniyoyi a kan aikin, samar da abin hawa, domin samun ikon, wanda ya yale shi ya shawo kan kankara kauri har zuwa 2.5 m. Game da jirgin ruwa size, suka yi sama a 147,9 m tsawo da kuma 29.9 m m, tare da kawar da a 23.460 tons. A wannan yanayin, a lokacin a lokacin da jirgin yana aiki, matsakaicin tsawon na ta m kewayawa ya 7.5 watanni.

Class icebreakers "Arctic"

A tsakanin 1977 da 2007, a Birnin Leningrad, (daga baya St. Petersburg) Baltic shuka da aka gina biyar nukiliya-powered jiragen ruwa. Dukkan wadannan tasoshin da aka tsara bisa ga "Arctic", da kuma a yau biyu daga gare su - "Yamal" da kuma "50 Years of Nasara" ci gaba da ya sa a kan hanya ga sauran jiragen ruwa a sararin kankara a Arewa iyakacin duniya na Duniya. Af, da icebreaker kira "50 Years of Nasara" da aka kaddamar a 2007 kuma shi ne na karshe da ake samarwa a Rasha da kuma most of data kasance icebreakers a duniya. Amma ga sauran uku kotuna, daya daga cikinsu - "Tarayyar Soviet" - a halin yanzu a karkashin maimaitawa. Koma cikin sahu na ta shirya a shekara ta 2017. Saboda haka, "Arctic" - nukiliya-powered icebreaker, da kafa wanda alama farkon wani zamanin a cikin tarihi na Rasha jiragen ruwa. Haka kuma, zane amfani a cikin zane yanke shawara dacewa a yau, shekara 43 bayan halittarsa.

Class icebreakers "Taimyr"

Fãce ga icebreakers a cikin Arctic da Tarayyar Soviet, sa'an nan Rasha da aka bukata a ship a wani daftarin na wanda aka yi nufi ga wayoyi na jiragen ruwa a bakin Siberian koguna. Nukiliya icebreakers Tarayyar Soviet (daga baya Rasha) na irin wannan - "Taimyr" da "Vaigach" - aka gina a daya daga cikin shipyards a Helsinki (Finland). Duk da haka, mafi yawansu ba su located a kan kayan aiki, ciki har da ikon shuke-shuke, m samar. Tun da wadannan makaman nukiliya-powered tasoshin nufin amfani da farko a cikin koguna, da suka precipitate na 8.1 m, a wata hijirar na 20.791 tons. A lokacin, Rasha nukiliya icebreakers "Taimyr" da "Vaigach" ci gaba da aiki a Arewa Sea Route. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, za su canza.

Icebreakers irin lk-60 na

Kotun damar 60 MW, sanye take da makaman nukiliya ikon shuka, ya fara da za a ci gaba a kasar mu tun da farkon 2000s, bisa sakamakon da muka samu a cikin aiki na "Taimyr" da kuma jirgin "Arctic". Designers sun bayar da wata damar canza daftarin na sabon tasoshin, wanda zai ba da damar su yi aiki yadda ya kamata a cikin kududdufi da kuma zurfin ruwa. Bugu da kari, sabon icebreakers ne iya motsa ko da a cikin kankara kauri daga 2.6 zuwa 2.9 m. Total shirya ya gina uku irin wannan jirgin ruwa. A shekarar 2012, a Baltic masana'antar ƙera jiragen ruwa da aka dage farawa na farko nukiliya-powered submarine wannan jerin, wanda aka shirya don fara aiki a shekarar 2018.

Kimanta sabon aji na nagartaccen Rasha icebreakers

Kamar yadda aka sani, da ci gaba da Arctic sanya wani fifiko ayyuka ta kasar mu. Saboda haka, a lokacin karkashin ci gaba da zane takardun ga sabon aji icebreaker lk-110YA. An zaci cewa wadannan nauyi wajibi tasoshin zai samu duk da makamashi daga makaman nukiliya tururi sa shuka da damar 110 MW. A wannan yanayin, da mota jirgin zai zama uku hudu-bladed propeller tare da tsayayyen farar. Babban amfani, wanda zai yi wani sabon nukiliya icebreakers Rasha ya kamata ya zama su ƙãra kankara-rufe, abin da ake sa ran ya zama ba kasa da 3.5 m, alhãli kuwa da jiragen ruwa sarrafa yau, adadi ne ba fiye da 2.9 m. Saboda haka, designers alkawari don samar da shekara-zagaye kewayawa a cikin Arctic tare da Arewa Sea Route.

Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da makaman nukiliya icebreakers a duniya

Kamar yadda muka sani, da Arctic ne zuwa kashi biyar sassa, ciki Rasha, da Amurka, da Norway, Canada da kuma Denmark. Wadannan guda kasashen, kazalika da Finland da Sweden da most icebreaking jiragen ruwa. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, tun ba tare da wadannan jiragen ruwa ne ba zai yiwu a gudanar da tattalin arziki da kuma gudanar da bincike ayyuka a cikin iyakacin duniya kankara iyakoki, ko da yake sakamakon da xumamar duniya, kuma suna zama mafi bayyane a kowace shekara. A lokaci guda, duk da a halin yanzu data kasance makaman nukiliya icebreakers na duniya ne ga kasar, kuma shi ne daya daga cikin shugabannin su a gaban bude sarari a cikin Arctic.