A ina ne Babban Tsarin Gudanar Daji? Central-Forest State Biosphere Reserve: bayanin, yanayin da ban sha'awa facts

Yana da kyau cewa a cikin ƙasashenmu na musamman yanayin muhalli an adana su a yanzu da kuma al'ummomi masu zuwa, inda za ku iya sha'awar dabi'ar ta ainihi, ku lura da dabbobi a manyan, numfasawa da ba da kyauta na furanni da furanni! Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sasanninta shine Tsarin Tsarin Harkokin Tsarin Harkokin Tsarin Harkokin Kiwon Lafiya ta Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Yana da wani labari mai ban mamaki, wani abu mai ban al'ajabi da kuma kyakkyawar kyauta. Masana kimiyya suna gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci, don haka tabbatar da wanzuwar sauran halittu na Rasha. Amma ajiyewa yana buɗewa ga dukan masoya. Yara suna farin ciki a nan. Domin su suna gudanar da ban sha'awa ayyuka a cikin yanayi, balaguro din, da kuma Baba Yaga, wanda ke zaune a cikin gandun daji, shirya matasa botanists da Dabbobi real jarrabawa.

Yanayi

Tsakiyar Tsarin Tsarin Yanki ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya tana samuwa a ƙasashen Tver zuwa kudu maso yamma daga Tver. A cikin Figures, wurin da yake da alaka da manyan garuruwan da ke kusa da shi kamar wannan:

• Daga Moscow a cikin layi madaidaiciya zuwa wurin ajiya kimanin kilomita 285;
• Daga Kaluga 274 km;
• Daga Vitebsk 212 km;
• Daga Smolensk 175 km;
• Daga Tver 167 km;
• Daga Rzhev 75 km.

A cikin 68 km daga wurare da aka tanadar, gabar teku Lake Seliger yana rayewa.

A geographically, Tsakiyar Tsakiya ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya tana tsaye a kan Valdai Upland, a kan ruwa (Caspian-Baltic) daga cikin mafi girma na Volga da Kogin Dvina ta Yamma. Kusa kusa da kan iyakoki na tanadi, ko kuma kai tsaye a kan iyakarta, asalin magungunan Mezh, Tyudma, Tudovka, da Zhukop suna gudana daga ƙasa.

Masanin tarihin ajiya

Wuraren da aka gina Tsarin Kudancin Tsakanin Tver da ke yankin Tver suna da kyau a kiyaye su har zuwa karni na 20 saboda kullun ƙasa da wuraren gandun daji na iska sun haifar da matsala ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. A cikin karni na 18 an kira su Okovsky ko Volkonsky Forest. Akwai kurma a nan. Yankunan kauyuka ne kawai zasu iya tsarawa tare da kogin Tudovka da Zhukop. A cikin Okovsky gandun daji akwai farautar dawowar Janar Romyko, Count Sheremetyev da wasu masu gidaje. Dukansu sun zo nan ne don farautar da ba sa amfani da gandun daji, Romaiko kuma sun gabatar da umarni masu karewa a gefen gandun daji, da hana haramtawa da shiga, ko da yake a kan tsaunuka inda babu ruwa mai tsabta, mutanen yanki sun rushe ko hanyoyin ƙaddarawa da aka ƙone ta, An gina su ta mazauna zama.

A shekara ta 1905, tsoratar da juyin juya halin Musulunci, masu mallakar farko sun fara sayar da su, kuma sababbin masu amfani don neman riba sun samar da abin da suke so. Yanayin bai canja ko da bayan babban Oktoba juyin juya hali na 1017th ba. Sai kawai a cikin 1920s gwamnatin Soviet ta yi hulɗa da adana albarkatu.

Matsayi na tushe

An kafa magunguna ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya na Tver a cikin takardu a 1931 a ranar maraice na Sabuwar Shekara, ranar 31 ga watan Disamba. Duk da haka, aiki a kan halittarsa ya fara ne a shekarar 1925-shekara. Sa'an nan kuma farfesa a fannin ilmin tauhidi a Smolensk, Grigory L. Grave, ya jagoranci balaguro don nazarin albarkatu na halitta a kusa da Moscow kuma ya bayar da hukunci cewa ƙasar Tver yankin tsakanin Volga da arewacin Dvina sun fi dacewa su ajiye. Hakan ya sa masu safarar wa annan wurare sun tsayayya da su kuma sun lalata itatuwan da suka fi dacewa, don haka asashe sun rasa dukiya. A cikin 1930, Siffar ta shirya wani sabon balaguro kuma ta bayyana wani sabon yanki na tanadi. Daga tsohuwar alama ta ƙunshi kawai 3000 hectares. Na gode wa kokarin wannan mutumin, wani ajiya ya bayyana, kuma Grave ya zama darekta.

Matsalolin da aka damu

A cikin shekaru 30 da 40 na tsaunin Kudancin Kwarin da ke kusa da Tver ya yi nasara da nasara - sun gina gine-gine, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, gidaje don ma'aikata, hanyoyi. An yi aiki a nan 61 mutane, daga cikinsu akwai masu tsaro 15 da ma'aikatan bincike 21. Yunkurin da likitan yarinyar Vladimir Stanchinsky ya ba shi ya yi yawa, wanda ya tsara wani matsala don aiki. Amma wannan mutumin da aka zalunci a shekarar 1941, aka gurfanar da shi, a jefa shi a kurkuku, inda ya mutu bayan shekara daya.

Gwamnatin ta ba da tallafi sosai, wanda ya sa ya yiwu a gudanar da bincike da yawa da aiwatar da shirye-shirye masu amfani, amma yakin da aka ketare. Yawancin ma'aikata a kan takardar izini ko sun ba da gudummawar zuwa gaba, sauran da suka yi ƙoƙari su fitar da ajiyar, kuma mutanen da ba su da karfin zuciya sun jawo duk abin da suka iya. A shekara ta 1941, wani shinge mai aiki ya yi aiki a kan iyakokin yankin. Masu fascists da 'yan' yan sanda, 'yan sanda, sun ji tsoron shiga cikin gandun dajin, amma sun kama man da gidan kayan gargajiya, suka rushe yawancin kayan tarihi da kuma kayan tarihi, wanda ya lalata magunguna 265,000, wanda ya zama babban kudaden zaman Soviet.

Sai kawai a gaba ya koma yammaci, tsaunin Kudancin Kudancin ya sake aikinsa. Gidansa ya kunshi mutane 13 kawai. Mutane sun sake sabunta abubuwan da suka rasa, sun sake gina dakunan gwaje-gwaje. Amma a shekara ta 1951 an rufe tashar da aka tashe, kuma aka kori ma'aikatan. Sai kawai bayan shekaru 9, wanda aka sake sacewa kuma ya rasa, an sake farfadowa. A shekara ta 1985, an ajiye wannan ajiyar a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya na wuraren kare kan UNESCO. Yanzu akwai sashen kimiyya, ma'aikatan masu gadi, ɗakunan binciken kimiyyar halitta, wani muhimmin mahimmancin nazarin rayuwa na Beads Brown, wani kauye don ma'aikata, gidan bako da wani ɗakin kwana don masu yawon bude ido.

Tsarin

Yankin Kudancin Kudancin yana cikin yanki na 70,500 hectares. An raba shi zuwa yankuna:

• Amintaccen asalin;
• Buffer;
• Amfani rational.

A cikin asalin ajiyar (yanki na 24415), duk wani aiki da ya saba da ma'auni na yanayi a cikin yanayi an haramta. Akwai yanki na cikakke natsuwa a nan, za a kafa wurin Zapovedny.

Yankin buffer wani fili ne na ƙasa tare da kewaye da ainihin, 1 kilomita fadi da kuma dukkanin yanki har zuwa 130 km2. Akwai ƙauyuka da yawa, ƙirar kayan itace, wuraren ajiya, sassan halitta, wuraren tsabta.

A cikin sashi na amfani mai mahimmanci akwai wasu tsararraki da ƙirar itace. Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙananan wurare a nan da aka yarda su tattara namomin kaza, cranberries da wasu berries, dafa hay, kifi da sandun kifi.

Abubuwan halaye na al'ada

Ƙungiyar Biosphere na Kudancin Gandun daji na kan iyaka a fili inda fannin tallafin gine-ginen suka ci. Sama da matakin teku, alamarta ita ce mita 220-280. Kasashen da ake ajiyewa suna wakiltar rawanin moraine. Akwai kwari na ruwa a nan. Gaba ɗaya, akwai albarkatun ruwa - na kowane kilomita 1 akwai kimanin mita 750 na koguna da koguna. Ruwan ƙasa yana da nisan mita 3 kawai. Ƙananan yankunan (6323 hectares) suna shagaltar da swamps. Daga cikin su, "Verkhovsky gansakuka", "Staroselsky gansakuka", "Demikhovsky gansakuka" da kuma mafi girma "Katin gansakuka".

An gabatar da tsarin ƙasa na tanadi sosai a yadu. A nan akwai sod, podzolic, marsh, peat, humus, alluvial, gley kasa da kuma daban-daban haduwa da shi, misali, sod-podzolic, peat-podzolic-gley.

Sauyin yanayi a cikin tanadi yana da sanyi da sanyi, a lokacin rani yanayin zafi yana kusa da +16 ° C, a cikin hunturu -10 ° C, a cikin kwanakin rana 45%.

Flora

Tsakiyar Tsarin Tsakiyar Tsakiya tana da ƙwayar ƙwayar daji mara kyau, wanda ke hade da yanayin yanayin yanayi da ƙasa. A nan ciyayi na Turai yana cike da hanyoyi, kawai 546 jinsuna, mafi yawa suna girma da kyau a cikin inuwa. Daga cikin su akwai shebaceous - 490 jinsunan, shrubs da semishrubs - jinsin 34, itatuwa - iri 16, al'adu - 6 nau'in. A cikin ajiyar ajiyar birch, aspen, elm, ash, Pine, spruce (akwai yankunan kudancin taiga spruce daji na musamman), Linden, oak, alder.

Daga cikin herbaceous shuke-shuke da akwai yawa wakilan da Red Littãfi, misali, grozdovik, resurgent kirki, lady ta sifila. Daga cikin ganyayyaki da furanni a cikin ajiyarki za ku iya ganin daisies, mallow, Ivan-da-marju, kararrawa, fern, calla, veronica, medinitsu, tsakuwa, da kuma marshes kuma kusa da su suna girma blueberries, cranberries, cloudsberries, blackberries.

Fauna

Ga 'yan'uwanmu' yan'uwanmu, Ƙungiyar Kudancin Tsakiya ta zama aljanna. Dabbobi a nan an kwatanta su da nau'o'in 335. Kwayoyin dabbobi a cikin ajiyar suna da manyan (Bears, Wolves, Moose, Lynx, Foxes, Deer, Boars Deer) da kananan (rodents, Adams, Beavers, Mink, ferrets, badgers, moles, hedgehogs) - jimlar nau'in 56. Har ila yau, a kan iyakokin ajiyar sune masu amphibians (frogs, toads, newts), 'yan kwari, macizai. A cikin kogunan da koguna suna gudana a cikin iyakokin yankin, akwai nau'in kifaye 18. Amma mafi girma iri-iri a nan, ba shakka, tsuntsaye. An ware jimillar nau'in 250. An rassan rassan da warblers, goldfinches, Orioles, thrushes, flycatchers, finches, chiffchaff, dawns, da kuma sarakuna. Da dare, ƙwaƙwalwa da owls suna zuwa farauta, Peregrine Falcons, tsinkayen gaggawa, ƙirar zinariya, da kuma cobs. Kusa da iyakoki na gida, katako, wadata, gindi, herons. An yi wa kayan ado kayan ado tare da bishiyoyi, waɗanda aka kare su musamman daga mabukai.

Abinci ga mafi yawan tsuntsaye shi ne kwari, wanda a cikin ajiyar ya lissafta nau'in nau'i 600. Ba dukkanin wakilan su suna da ban sha'awa don kallo da bala'i ba, amma babu wanda ya yi musayar fasaha na butterflies. Akwai nau'in 250 a nan. Mafi mahimmanci shine admiral, pigeon, da-lu'u-lu'u, lemongrass, angler.

Hanyar dubawa

Central-Forest Biosphere Reserve ne mai farin ciki da yara, da kuma manya. Akwai hanyoyi masu yawa ga masu son masoya. Uku daga cikinsu suna takaice, kimanin kilomita daya, amma ban sha'awa. Baba Yaga yana jira a nan don matafiya, amma ba za su ci su ba, amma don shirya nazarin sanin irin wadannan wurare. Hanyoyi sune:

1. "Asirin daji na Okovsky." A nan an tsirar da Pine mai shekaru 300 tare da tsayin mita 46, an kafa dandamali na dubawa, kuma duk hanyar da aka zana tare da allon.
2. "Girbin haruffa na launi". A kan wannan hanya yana da ban sha'awa don nazarin burbushin masu zama daji, wanda aka sanya samfurori a kan faranti.
3. "Staroselsky gansakuka." Wannan hanya tana gudana tare da fadar, amma hanyar da aka zana tare da allon. A kan haka zaka iya sha'awar ba kawai tsuntsaye (chibis, wading, wagtails, cranes) amma kuma moose, ko da bears, wanda wani lokaci ya zo fadama don ci berries.

Ga tsofaffi a cikin ajiyar hanya, hanyoyi da kimanin kilomita 25 an ci gaba. Suna kai zurfin cikin cikin gandun daji kuma ana gudanar da su tare da masu hijira. Wannan ita ce "Red Station", "Barsuchikha" da "Siberia". A kan hanyoyi da aka shirya, inda za ku iya kwantar da hankali, kuna da abun ciye-ciye har ma ku yi kwana.

Jadawalin aikin da farashin

Tsarin Kudancin Kudancin yankin Tver yana buɗewa ga baƙi a kowane mako (sai dai Asabar da Lahadi) daga karfe 10 zuwa 12 na yamma, sa'an nan abincin rana, kuma aikin zai ci gaba daga 13:00 zuwa 16:00. Farashin shigarwa shine:

• Shekaru zuwa shekaru 10 - 50 rubles;
• Har zuwa shekaru 16 - 75 rubles;
• Manya - 150 rubles.

Jirgin hanyoyi a kan hanyoyi 25 kilomita a tsawon tsawo 1000 rubles na 1 rana.

Ziyartar gidan kayan gargajiyar yana da farashi daga 250 zuwa 400 rubles (dangane da girman girman rukuni).

Zai yiwu ku ciyar da dare a cikin ajiyar kuɗin 300 ga rubobi a rana (a zaimka da a cikin dakunan kwanan dalibai) da 600 rubles a cikin gidan baƙo.

Canja wuri zuwa birnin Nelidovo (mai nisan kilomita 42 daga ƙauyen Zapovedny) a wata hanya ta kai daga 600 zuwa 3000 rubles, dangane da ƙungiyar sufuri.