A lantarki halin yanzu tushen da lantarki: definition da ainihi

duk san daga kimiyyar lissafi ba shakka cewa, a karkashin wani lantarki halin yanzu ake nufi directional umurce motsi barbashi ɗauke da cajin. Don samun shugaba dokoki lantarki filin. A wannan zama dole domin ci gaba da wanzuwa na dogon lokaci, da wutar lantarki yanzu.

Sources lantarki halin yanzu na iya zama:

• a tsaye.
• sinadaran.
• inji;
• semiconductor.

Kowane aikin da aka yi inda raznozaryazhennye raba gaɓũɓuwa, Ina nufin wani lantarki filin ikon Madogararsa. Raba, suka tara a zura sandunan a cikin ƙasa dangane da conductors. Lokacin da sandunan an haɗa ka da shugaba barbashi tare da cajin fara motsa, kuma da lantarki da aka kafa.

Sources lantarki halin yanzu firtsi lantarki inji

Har tsakiyar karni na goma sha bakwai, don samar da wani wutar lantarki da ake bukata mai yawa kokarin. A lokaci guda, girma lambobi na masana kimiyya da hannu a cikin al'amarin. Kuma Otto von Guericke ƙirƙira farko lantarki mota a duniya. A daya gwaji shi da sulfur, zubi a ciki a m ball sanya na gilashi, suka ƙẽƙashe, kuma m gilashi. Guericke ƙarfafa ball haka da cewa zai iya zama da sanyi. Juya shi, kuma latsa wani yanki na fata, da ta samun wani walƙiya. Wannan gogayya ne muhimmanci sauki a samu gajere da wutar lantarki. Amma da mafi wuya da matsaloli da za a iya warware kawai tare da kara raya kimiyya.

Matsalar shi ne, a kan tuhumar da Gericke sauri bace. Don ƙara da tsawon jiki na cajin da aka sanya shi a cikin rufaffiyar kwantena (gilashin kwalabe), da kuma wutan lantarki ruwa hotuna yi tare da wani ƙusa. Experiment gyara a lokacin da kwalban da bangarorin biyu mai rufi da conductive abu (karfe An harbi, misali). A sakamakon haka, mun gane cewa ba zai yiwu a yi ba tare da ruwa.

Kwado kafafu a matsayin halin yanzu source

Wata hanya, don samar da wutar lantarki a karon farko gano Luidzhi Galvani. Kamar yadda wani masanin halitta, ya yi aiki a cikin Lab inda gwajin abubuwan da wutar lantarki. Ya ga wani matattu rana ta kafa da aka rage idan aka m da tartsatsin wutar daga cikin na'ura. Amma wata rana, da wannan sakamako da aka samu da damar a lokacin da masanin kimiyyar shãfe ta karfe wukar yin aikin tiyata.

Ya fara duba ga dalilai, inda akwai da lantarki. Sources na lantarki, ta hanyar da karshe ƙarshe aka kwado kyallen takarda.

Wani Italian, Alessandro Volta, karyata "rana" na cikin yanayin da ya faru na yanzu. An lura da cewa mafi girma yanzu aka kara tagulla da kuma tutiya a sulfuric acid bayani. Wannan hade aka kira galvanic ko sinadari.

Amma da yin amfani da irin wannan kudi ga EMF dã ya kasance ma m. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya suna aiki a kan wasu, inji, Hanyar samar da lantarki da makamashi.

Ta yaya talakawa janareta?

A farkon karni na sha tara bayan hijira Oersted gano cewa da nassi daga yanzu ta hanyar wani shugaba a Magnetic filin bayyana asalin. A kadan daga baya, Faraday gano cewa a lokacin da rarrabawa da Lines karfi EMF aka jawo a cikin shugaba, wanda ya haddasa halin yanzu. Emf dabam tare da gudun da kuma conductors kansu, kazalika da filin ƙarfi. A rarrabawa da ɗari miliyan Lines na karfi da biyu jawo electromotive karfi zama daidai ga daya volt. A fili yake cewa manual Holding a wata Magnetic filin ne ba su iya bada wani babban lantarki a halin yanzu. Sources lantarki halin yanzu na irin wannan ne mafi tasiri tabbatar da Tuddan waya a babban spool ko samar da ta drum-siffa. A nada aka sanya a kan shaft tsakanin maganadisu da rotatable ruwa ko tururi. Irin wannan inji ikon source muhimmi al'ada janareto.

babban Tesla

A m masanin kimiyya daga Serbia, Nikola Tesla, ware ransa su da wutar lantarki, sanya da yawa binciken da muka yi amfani da yau. Multiphase lantarki na'ura, asynchronous lantarki Motors, ikon watsa ta hanyar da Multi-lokaci alternating halin yanzu - wannan ba dukan jerin kimiyya ƙirƙirãwa.

Mutane da yawa sun gaskata cewa sabon abu na Siberia, da aka sani da Tunguska meteorite, a gaskiya shi ne ake kira Tesla. Amma watakila daya daga cikin mafi m na ƙarya ne mai gidan wuta iya samun ƙarfin lantarki har zuwa goma sha biyar da miliyan volts. Sabon abu ne da ya na'urar da aka sani da dokoki na baro lissafin. Amma a cikin waɗannan kwanaki da muka fara inganta injin da fasaha, a cikin abin da babu shubuha. Saboda haka, da sabuwar dabara na masanin kimiyya a lokacin manta.

Amma a yau, tare da zuwan msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi a cikin aikinsa sabunta amfani sake. Eter gane gas da cewa shi ne batun duk da dokokin da makanikai gas. Yana fa, tã yi ta samar da makamashi daga can babban Tesla. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa ether ka'idar ya kasance matukar kowa a baya tsakanin masana kimiyya da dama. Kawai tare da fitowan na SRT - Einstein ta musamman ka'idar dangantakar, a cikin abin da ya hana wanzuwar ether - manta game da shi, ko da yake daga baya tsara general ka'idar bai kalubalanci shi kamar yadda irin wannan.

Amma yayin da zauna a kan lantarki da kuma na'urorin da suke ubiquitous a yau.

Development of fasaha na'urorin - ikon kayayyaki

Irin na'urorin da ake amfani da canji na daban-daban makamashi a cikin na'urar samar da makamashi. Duk da cewa jiki da kuma sinadaran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki, aka buɗe na dogon lokaci, ubiquitous, sun samu ne kawai daga cikin rabi na biyu na karni na ashirin, a lokacin da shi ya zama saurin bunkasuwar lantarki. A farko biyar galvanic ma'aurata aka supplemented ta 25-daban. A ka'idar galvanic ma'aurata iya lissafa ta dubu da dama, tun da free makamashi za a iya aiwatar a kan wani oxidizing da rage jamiái.

Jiki Power Sources

Halitta kafofin wutar lantarki suka fara samar daga baya. Modern dabaru ana ƙara zama stringent, da kuma masana'antu da zafi da thermionic janareto nasarar jimre da girma kalubale. Jiki ikon kafofin - ne na'urorin inda thermal, electromagnetic, inji da kuma samar da makamashi na radiation da makaman nukiliya lalace ne tuba zuwa cikin na'urar samar da makamashi. Bugu da kari zuwa sama, suka kuma matsayi kamar yadda lantarki injuna, MHD janareto, kazalika don mayar da hasken rana radiation da atomic lalace.

Don lantarki halin yanzu a cikin shugaba ba bace, shi bukatar wani waje tushen don kula da m bambanci fadin shugaba ƙare. Domin wannan ne da makamashi kafofin cewa suna da wani electromotive karfi don ƙirƙirar da kuma kula da wani m bambanci. EMF auna lantarki halin yanzu tushen aiki yi a lokacin da da cajin canja fadin rufaffiyar kewaye.

Resistance a cikin wutar lantarki quantitatively characterizes shi, tabbatas da adadin kuzari asara ta hanyar Madogararsa.

Da ikon da kuma ingancinsu na ƙarfin lantarki daidaita da rabo daga waje lantarki rangadi zuwa EMF.

Chemical kafofin

Chemical halin yanzu tushen a cikin wani lantarki kewaye EMF ne a na'urar, inda makamashi na sinadaran halayen ne tuba zuwa cikin na'urar samar da makamashi.

Its tushe kunshi biyu wayoyin: a barnatar da cajin rage wakili da oxidizing wakili ne gaskiya ma caje, abin da suke a lamba tare da electrolyte. Tsakanin wayoyin wani m bambanci, EMF.

Modern na'urorin sukan yi amfani da:

• kamar yadda a rage wakili - gubar, cadmium, tutiya da sauransu.
• oxidant - nickel hydroxide, gubar oxide, manganese da kamar;
• electrolyte - mafita na acid, alkalis ko salts.

Yadu amfani bushe sel tutiya da manganese. Jirgin ruwa dauka daga tutiya (da ciwon korau lantarki). Tu aka sanya tabbatacce lantarki tare da cakuda manganese dioxide da carbon ko graphite foda wanda rage juriya. A electrolyte abubuwa a matsayin manna na ammonium chloride, sitaci da sauran gyara.

Shãfe haske gubar-acid baturi - shi ne sau da yawa a sakandare sinadaran halin yanzu tushen a cikin wani lantarki kewaye da ciwon high iya aiki, barga Gudun kuma ciwon low cost. Batura daga irin wannan ake amfani a fannoni daban daban. Sau da yawa suka fi son for Starter batura, wanda su ne musamman m ga mota, inda suka kullum ne monopolists.

Wani kowa baturi kunshi baƙin ƙarfe (anode), nickel oxide hydrate (cathode) da kuma electrolyte - wani ruwa-ruwa bayani na potassium ko sodium. The aiki kaya a wani nickel-plated karfe shambura.

A amfani da irin wannan rage bayan da wuta a Edison ta factory a shekara ta 1914. Duk da haka, idan muka kwatanta da halaye na farko da na biyu da irin baturi, shi dai itace cewa aiki na baƙin ƙarfe-nickel na iya zama da muhimmanci fiye da gubar acid.

Janareto na DC da AC

A janareto ne na'urorin da cewa an yi su ne don a canza inji makamashi a cikin na'urar samar da makamashi.

A sauki DC janareta za a iya wakilta a matsayin mai firam da shugaba, wanda aka sanya tsakanin Magnetic sandunan kuma iyakar an haɗa ka ya zama ruwan dare rabin zobba (haraji). Domin da na'urar zuwa aiki, dole ne ka tabbatar da juyawa daga cikin firam tare da haraji. Sa'an nan a jawo lantarki canje-canje shugabanci a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da Magnetic filin Lines. A waje kewaye da shi zai tafi a wata guda shugabanci. Sai dai itace cewa da tara zai daidaita alternating halin yanzu, wanda aka samar da firam. Don cimma DC harajin da aka sanya na talatin da shida ko fiye faranti, da kuma shugaba hada da wani jam'i na Frames a cikin nau'i na armature Tuddan.

Ka yi la'akari da abin da manufar da na yanzu tushen kewaye. Gano balle halin yanzu kafofin wanzu.

An lantarki kewaye: lantarki halin yanzu, halin yanzu ƙarfi, yanzu source

A lantarki kewaye hada da wani halin yanzu source wanda, tare da sauran abubuwa na halitta hanya ga halin yanzu. A ra'ayi emf ƙarfin lantarki da kuma na yanzu sunã gudãna a wannan bude electromagnetic tafiyar matakai.

A mafi sauki lantarki kewaye kunshi wani halin yanzu source (baturi, wani electrochemical cell janareta, kuma haka a), makamashi masu amfani da (lantarki heaters, lantarki Motors da kuma sauran), da kuma wayoyi a haɗa da tashoshi na ƙarfin lantarki tushen da kuma mabukaci.

A lantarki kewaye yana da wani ciki (ikon source) da kuma wani matsanancin (wayoyi, sauya, hutu, aunawa kida) sassa.

Yana zai yi aiki, kuma suna da wani m darajar kawai idan bayar da rufaffiyar kewaye. Duk wani rata sa lõkacin fatara daga yanzu kwarara.

A lantarki kewaye kunshi wani halin yanzu tushen a cikin nau'i na electrochemical Kwayoyin, lantarki accumulators, electromechanical da thermoelectric janareto, hasken rana Kwayoyin, da sauransu.

Kamar yadda lantarki Motors aiki karba cewa maida makamashi cikin inji makamashi, lighting da kuma dumama na'urorin, electrolysis shigarwa da kuma sauransu.

Na'urorin haɗi ne na'urorin da suke da muhimmanci ga juya a kuma kashe, aunawa kida da m sunadaran.

Duk da aka gyara an rarraba su zuwa:

• aiki (a cikinsa lantarki kewaye hada da wani halin yanzu source EMF, lantarki Motors, batura, da sauransu).
• m (da suka hada da wutar lantarki masu karba kuma interconnecting wayoyi).

A sarkar iya zama:

• Ƙirgar, cikinsa da juriya kashi ne ko da yaushe halin da mike layin.
• maras mike, cikinsa da juriya shi ne dogara a kan irin ƙarfin lantarki ko na yanzu.

Wannan shi ne mafi sauki makirci, cikinsa da kewaye hada da wani halin yanzu source canji, a kwan fitila, mai rheostat.

Duk da tartsatsi yaduwa daga wannan fasaha na'urorin, musamman a cikin 'yan lokutan more kuma mafi mutane suna yin tambayoyi game da shigarwa na madadin makamashi kafofin.

A iri-iri na kafofin lantarki da makamashi

Abin da kafofin na wutar lantarki har yanzu wanzu? Shi ne ba kawai da rana, iska, ƙasa da tides. Sun zama abin da ake kira na aikin madadin makamashi kafofin.

Dole ne in ce cewa, akwai wani madadin sa. Su ne ba na kowa, saboda ba tukuna m da kuma dadi. Amma wanda ya san, watakila a nan gaba zai zama kawai a bãyansu.

Saboda haka, na'urar samar da makamashi za a samu daga cikin gishiri da ruwa. Norway ya riga ya kafa ikon, da ake ji da wannan fasaha.

Ikon tashoshin kuma iya gudu a kan man fetur Kwayoyin tare da m oxide electrolyte.

Known piezoelectric janareto sami makamashi ta hanyar da sanadin motsi makamashi (riga ya wanzu tare da wannan fasahar sidewalks, gudun bumps, turnstiles kuma ko da dance benaye).

Akwai nanogenerators, wanda ake nufin da canji na makamashi a jikin mutum cikin wutar lantarki.

Me za ka ce game da algae cewa zafi gidajensu, kwallon kafa da takuba, da samar da wutar lantarki, kekuna, lantarki da na'urori za a iya cajin, kuma ko da yankakken takarda, amfani da wani ikon source?

Great wa'adin, ba shakka, ya kasance a cikin ci gaban da volcanic makamashi.

Duk wannan shi ne ba-rana hakikar a kan wanda masana kimiyya aiki. Yana yiwuwa cewa wasu daga cikinsu jimawa ba ta zama quite sananne, kamar wutar lantarki a gidajensu a yau.

Watakila wani zai bayyana asirin masanin kimiyya Nikola Tesla, da kuma bil'adama za su iya samun sauƙin samu iko daga cikin iska?