A mafi tartsatsi amfani da electrolysis

A nuna na 18th kuma 19th ƙarni shi aka sanya da dama binciken da ya zama} ashin ga haifi wani sabon kimiyya - electrochemistry. Kuma cikin wadanda suka kafa wannan kimiyya sun biyu masana kimiyya. Shi ne da Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani kuma A. Volta da Turanci likita, wanda a 1799 halitta na farko sinadaran halin yanzu tushen - "Voltaic tari". Wannan abin da masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a lokacin da wani lantarki halin yanzu an shige ta wani ruwa-ruwa bayani na wani gishiri a cikin wannan bayani da sinadaran canje faruwa, wanda a yanzu ake kira da electrolyte. Electrolysis kanta ne fairly hadaddun sa na daban-daban tafiyar matakai. Wannan hijirarsa (korau ions ayan da anode da cathode ne tabbatacce), da kuma yadawa na ions. Wannan ma daban-daban electrochemical da kuma sunadarai halayen da faruwa a tsakãninsu kayayyakin na electrolysis, tsakanin wadannan kayayyakin da electrolyte, da kuma wayoyin therebetween.

A binciken da wadannan matakai ne ba kawai wani kimiyya darajar. Practical aikace-aikace na electrolysis yana da muhimmanci sosai. Alal misali, m hydrogen, sodium, ko nickel za a iya samu ne kawai a cikin wannan hanya. Kuma a cikin masana'antu electrolytic matakai ana amfani da wani iri-iri dalilai. Tare da su taimako shirya inorganic abubuwa, kamar oxygen, hydrogen, Alkali, chlorine da kuma sauran wadanda ba karafa. Har ila yau, electrolysis amfani ga tsaftacewa da wasu karafa (azurfa, tagulla). Wani electrolytic matakai samar da tushen ga samar da lithium, potassium, sodium, tutiya, magnesium da sauran karafa da karfe gami.

Bayan da yin amfani da electrolysis a cikin art - shi ne ma shirye-shiryen da kwayoyin abubuwa, coatings da electroplating magani daga karfe saman (electropolishing, boriding, magani da kuma nitration). Akwai electrophoresis, electrodialysis, electroplating da sauran irin matakai da cewa suna da wani m aikace-aikace. Har ila yau electrolysis darajar ta'allaka ne da cewa, tare da taimakon samu mai tsabta, kusan xari bisa dari karafa.

Samun a kalla tagulla. A jan tama ƙunshi ta oxides, sulfur mahadi da sauran karfe impurities. Kuma jan samu daga wannan tama, da duk wadannan impurities da aka jefa a faranti. Sa'an nan da faranti aka sanya a matsayin anode a wani jan karfe sulfate bayani (CuSO4). Kuma bi da aikace-aikace na electrolysis. A wasu baho wayoyin amfani ƙarfin lantarki da kuma m karfe saki a cathode. Kuma duk impurities ana precipitated ko wuce a cikin electrolyte, ba tare da ta tsaye a kan cathode.

Har ila yau da yin amfani da Topical da kuma electrolysis aluminum samar. The ruwa-ruwa bayani a cikin wannan tsari yana tafiya ne ba amfani, shi ne maye gurbinsu da zubi haƙar. A cikin irin wannan ores dauke da aluminum oxide da na baƙin ƙarfe oxide da silicon. Bayan zalunta haƙar da wani Alkali, don samar da wani samfurin kira alumina. Wannan alumina aka ɗora Kwatancen a cikin wani mai tsaurin makera a kasa da kuma ganuwar da aka dage farawa daga carbon farantin. Wadannan faranti suna da alaka da munanan ikon Madogararsa. A haɗa da kyau carbon anode cewa shimfida hanyar bango na gagarumar wuta. Kuma a lokacin da ragewan da anode cikin ɓuyar taso lantarki baka narke cikin alumina. Daga baya a cikin wannan zubi taro na faruwa electrolytic tsari. Kuma a cikin kasa daga cikin tanda, tattara m (99.5%) aluminum, to, wanda aka zuba a cikin kyawon tsayuwa.

Amma yin amfani da electrolysis ne ba kawai electrometallurgy. Ta wannan hanyar, wasu karafa iya mai rufi da Layer na wani karfe. Wannan tsari shine ake kira electroplating da ya shafi shi domin ya hana da karfe surface daga hadawan abu da iskar shaka, ba shi da girma ƙarfi ne, kuma ma da bada wannan surface mafi bayyanar. Kuma kamar yadda coatings kullum amfani da nickel da kuma Chrome, ne kadan saukin kamuwa zuwa hadawan abu da iskar shaka ko daraja karafa kamar azurfa da zinariya.

A wannan yanayin, da labarin ya zama Electroplated shafi, a hankali degreased, tsabtace da kuma goge. Sa'an nan kuma ya aka sanya shi a matsayin cathode a plating wanka. A electrolyte a cikin wanka ne mai karfe gishiri bayani, wanda za a rufe ta da samfurin. Kuma da anode da aka yi da wannan ƙarfe. Kuma haka ya juya daga uniform shafi, da cathode aka sanya tsakanin biyu anodes. Sa'an nan da wayoyin kawota tare da wani halin yanzu niyya ikon, da kuma wani cathode mai rufi da Layer na azurfa, da zinariya, nickel ko chromium.

Akwai irin wannan da yin amfani da electrolysis, da ake kira electroformed. Wannan hanya na samar da wani kwafin wani iri-iri daga karfe abubuwa (lambar yabo, tsabar kudi, Bas-reliefs). A saboda wannan dalili daga roba abu kamar kakin zuma, shi ne kwafin da abu. Sai aka rufi da graphite ƙura ba shi electroconductivity kuma sanya kwafin a cikin wanka, inda shi hidima a matsayin cathode. Kuma ta electrolysis wannan kwafin da aka rufi da ake so karfe kauri. A kakin zuma ne sannan aka cire ta dumama. Kuma wannan shi ne kawai karamin sashi daga cikin damar da ya miƙa ta a Hanyar kira electrolysis.