Vegetative da kuma haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire

Tsire-tsire kunshi gabobin kamar vegetative da kuma haihuwa. Kowane daga cikinsu shi ne alhakin takamaiman ayyuka. Vegetative - domin ci gaba da kuma abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire da hannu a haifuwa. Wadannan sun hada da flower, iri da kuma 'ya'yan itace. Su ke da alhakin "haihuwa" na zuriyarsa.

vegetative gabobin

Ana zargin vegetative gabobin da aka hade tare da bukatar samun gina jiki daga ƙasa. Wadannan sun hada da:

• Tushen - da manyan jiki na kowace shuka cewa tsiro a cikin ƙasa.
• Tserewa.
• Kara.
• Bar alhakin photosynthesis.
• Kodan.

Tushen ne ga kowa da kowa shuke-shuke, kamar yadda shi rike su da abinci, da samun fita daga cikin ruwa na gina jiki. Yana daga gare shi aka zo da harbe, wanda girma ganye.

Lokacin da shuka iri germinates farko kashin baya. Shi ne babba sashin jiki da shuka. Da zarar tushen na riba ƙarfi, akwai wani tsarin na harbe. Sa'an nan, da kara ne kafa. Yana shirya gefen harbe don samar da ganye da kuma buds.

Kara bar goyon bayan da take ɗauke su daga tushen gina jiki. Yana kuma iya ajiye ruwa don wani lokaci na fari.

Bar alhakin photosynthesis da kuma iskar gas musayar. A wasu shuke-shuke, suna da sauran ayyuka, kamar samar da kayan aiki ko da haifuwa.

A ci gaba da gabobin suna modified. Wannan damar shuke-shuke zuwa daidaita da kuma tsira a yanayi. Akwai sabon iri da suke da mafi musamman da kuma unpretentious.

tushen

Vegetative jiki da cewa riko da kara, aka hannu a sha na ruwa da kuma na gina jiki daga kasar gona a ko'ina cikin rayuwa da shuka.

Yana fito bayan bayyanar ƙasar. Tushen shuke-shuke taimaka wajen daidaita da canje-canje a ƙasa. A yau duniya har yanzu akwai rootless - gansakuka da kuma psilotoobraznye.

A angiosperms tushen ci gaban fara da tayi don isa ga ƙasa. Kamar yadda jiki bayyana barga, daga wanda sprouts tsere.

A tushen na kare-dimbin yawa yanayin, wanda taimaka samun gina jiki. Wannan shi ne saboda da tsarin da kuma abinda ke ciki na babban adadin sitaci.

kara

Axial vegetative gabobin. A kara yi shaida, ganye, buds da furanni. Shi ne shugaba na gina jiki daga tushen tsarin zuwa wasu gabobin da shuka. A kara a herbaceous jinsunan ne ma iya photosynthesis, kamar ganye.

Shi ne iya yi da wadannan ayyuka: to stock da kuma kiwo. kara tsari ne mai mazugi. A epidermis, ko nama, su ne wasu jinsunan shuke-shuke da farko bawo. A tushe shi ne looser, kuma a cikin harbe, kamar sunflower, leaf.

photosynthesis aiki da aka yi da cewa akwai wani chloroplast matsayin ɓangare na kara. Wannan abu sabobin tuba carbon dioxide da ruwa a cikin kwayoyin kayayyakin. A stock abu ne saboda da sitaci, wanda ba a cinye lokacin ci gaban zamani.

Sha'awa, monocots kara rike da tsarin lokacin da dukan rai sake zagayowar. A dicotyledonous ya canjãwa. Wannan za a iya gani a kan yanke na itace, inda itacen zobba suna kafa.

takardar

Wannan gefe na vegetative jiki. A ganye ne daban-daban a cikin bayyanar, sifa da aiki. Authority da hannu a photosynthesis, transpiration da kuma iskar gas musayar.

shuka juyin halitta ya haddasa bayyanar ganima jinsunan. Da ganye kama kwari da kuma ciyar a kan su. Wannan jikin wasu shuka iri canza kama zuwa spines ko tendrils, game da shi, yin m aiki na dabba.

A ganye da tushe wadda ta haɗu da shi tare da kara. Ta hanyar da ta je a cikin ganye gina jiki. A tushe iya girma a tsawon ko nisa. Bãya gare shi girma stipules. A ganye da jijiyoyinmu, wanda ya kasu kashi biyu iri: bude da kuma rufe.

Rayuwa Hasashen a wannan vegetative jiki ne kananan. Bishiyoyi zubar da ganye, kamar yadda su ne sharar kayayyakin, sauran bayan photosynthesis.

cloning

Kowace shuka na da rai sake zagayowar. Akwai iri biyu na haifuwa ta hanyar vegetative gabobin:

• Natural.
• Wucin gadi.

Halitta haifuwa aka samar da ganye, stalks, tushen tubers, rhizomes, fitila.

Artificial haifuwa:

• Raba daji. Rhizomatous shuke-shuke suna zuwa kashi da dama sassa da ake zaune.
• Na biyu hanya - An rooting cuttings. Suna iya zama ba kawai da tushen, amma ganye da kuma kara.
• A uwar shuka za a iya amfani da cuttings.
• Har ila yau mashahuri ne da hanyar da grafting. Wannan shi ne lokacin da daya daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka canjawa wuri zuwa wani.

Vegetative gabobin taimaka kazalika da haifuwa, a haifuwa. Tsire-tsire suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwar mutum da kuma yanayi. A ƙasa suka zauna quite babban sarari.

The aiki na haihuwa gabobin

Su duk da muhimmancin a cikin tsarin da flower tabbatar jinsunan haifuwa, kariya daga tsaba da m sake ma su matsugunni. A haihuwa gabobin da angiosperms - a flower, iri da kuma 'ya'yan itace. Su hankali maye gurbin juna.

Flower - shi ne mai modified shoot, wanda aka hankali canza fuska. A tsaba da yake ciki, ore kuma samu gina jiki. Bayan hadi, shi ya zama mai tayi. Ya ƙunshi wani iri-iri na tsaba da kuma pericarp, abin da na tsare su daga waje muhalli.

Vegetative da kuma haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire ko da yaushe mu'amala. Ba tare da juna, ba za su iya yi su aiki.

flower

A yanayi duk abin da aka shirya don haka cewa furanni suna zaune su sake zagayowar sãbuwa. Kamar yadda muka ce, ga haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire masu flower, 'ya'yan itace da iri. Suna juna tare da juna domin ya raya rai da kuma taimaka sabon al'ummomi da za a haifa.

Irin wannan haihuwa sashin jiki da shuka, kamar flower, shi ne alhakin pollination, hadi da iri samuwar. Yana da wani gajeren shoot, wanda aka modified a aiwatar da ci gaban.

La'akari, wanda aka kafa daga wani flower:

• Peduncle - axial part.
• Calyx. Ya kunshi sepals da kuma adana a cikin kasa daga cikin Inflorescence.
• Corolla. Alhakin flower launi da kuma aka hada da petals.
• Stamen. An samar pollen cewa taimaka a pollination.
• Pestle. Wannan shi ne inda hirtsinta germinates.

Flowers rarrabu, bi da bi, bisexual da kuma gay. Ta yaya suka bambanta? A bisexual ne duka stamen da pistil. Alal misali, masara da kuma kabewa. Unisexual, monoecious ko da daya kawai jiki. Wadannan sun hada da nettle, hemp. A flower ne masu haihuwa sashin jiki da shuka, wanda shi ne alhakin iri multiplication.

Mafi sau da yawa kafa buds. Wannan shi ne wani rukuni na dama furanni. Su ne sauki ko hadaddun, cewa shi ne, wanda ko dama peduncle. Adadin su iya isa dubban a kan wannan shuka.

Inflorescence - wani rukuni na furanni. An located a iyakar da harbe da kuma rassan itatuwa. Mafi sau da yawa shi kafa Inflorescence na kananan florets. Su, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi sauki da kuma hadaddun. Tsohon da guda aksali, a kan abin da ya sanya da furanni. A karshen da gefen rassan.

Common iri inflorescences :

• Brush - da ceri, Lily na kwari.
• COB - a masara.
• Kwandon - Daisy ko Dandelion.
• Umbrellas - da ceri.
• Garkuwa - pear.

Nagartaccen inflorescences ne 'yan sauki. Su asalin an haɗa tare da hadi aiki. A mafi girma da yawan furanni, hirtsinta da aka canjawa wuri da sauri.

'ya'yan

A haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire da farko yi da aiki na haifuwa. A 'ya'yan itace kare da tsaba daga wanda bai kai watsa. Sun zo a cikin bushe ko m. Tsaba suna kafa a ciki 'ya'yan itace, ripening hankali. Wasu daga cikin su suna sanye take da na'urorin da cewa taimaka wajen yada, misali, Dandelion a cikin iska tanã shiƙar.

The main iri na 'ya'yan itace:

1. Seeded da uku yadudduka - ceri, apricot, peach.
2. Polyspermic tare da ɓangaren litattafan almara - inabi.

Dry Multi-seeded 'ya'yan akwai wani shãmaki - sprouts, kuma ba tare da shi - Peas. Oak - seeded.

A haihuwa gabobin da flowering shuke-shuke suna shirya don haka da cewa da tsaba suna rarraba a hanyoyi da dama:

• A kan ruwa.
• By Air.
• Tare da dabbobi.
• Samorazbrasyvayutsya.

The jikin aka shirya domin shuka ne a cikin tsari na haihuwa na tushen kiwo. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari aka saba da tabbatar da cewa su dabbobi da aka canjawa wuri. Wannan an tabbatar da na'urorin kamar hooks, parachutes, launi da wasulla da kuma mai dadi da dandano.

iri

Sanin abin da shuka gabobin ne haihuwa, za mu iya fahimtar yadda suka haifa. Seed haifa da settles shi domin nan gaba namo. Ya ƙunshi wani kwasfa, ɗigon maniyyi da kuma gina jiki zuwa daga tushe.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na iri ne, sunadarai, fats da kuma carbohydrates. A gaskiya, da tayin - shi rudiments mai tushe, Tushen kuma ganye. Shi ne babban ɓangare na iri, da kuma wani lokacin tare da daya ko biyu cotyledons.

Tsaba suna kuma zuwa kashi da dama daban-daban. A wasu na gina jiki da ake samu a cikin endosperm, yayin da wasu su ne gaba daya ba a nan yadudduka ga hannun jari.

Seed gashi kare daga abubuwa, iska da kuma dabbobi. Bayan maturing yana taimaka wa shirya shuka. Wasu iri da aka adana a cikin fata na gina jiki.

Tsaba ga mutane da dabbobi su abinci. Da darajar a ƙasa high isa, kamar yadda a cikin tayi. Wadannan gabobi da shuke-shuke da hannu a cikin zagayowar da kwari da dabbobi rai, game da shi azurta su da abinci.

mafi girma da tsire-tsire

duk abin da aka shirya don haka da cewa kwayoyin sun iya girma ci gaba a cikin shuka duniya. Higher shuke-shuke da gabbai kamar shoot da kuma tushen. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin wannan tayin bayyana a cikin aiwatar da hadi.

A haihuwa gabobin da hakan shuke-shuke, hulda da vegetative, maye gurbin m lokaci. Sun hada da hudu sassan:

• Ferns girma a cikin m wurare. Wadannan sun hada da horsetails da kuma kulob din mosses. Su tsarin hada da wani tushe, tushe da kuma ganye.
• Bryophytes ne tsaka-tsaki kungiyar. Jikinsu yana sanya na masana'anta, amma ba su da jini. Rayuwa kamar a cikin rigar da a bushe gona. Moss ba kawai mayar da tare da spores, amma kuma jima'i da kuma vegetatively.
• Gymnosperms. A mafi tsufa da shuke-shuke. Mafi sau da yawa, wadannan sun hada da conifers da shrubs. Ba su Bloom, amma sai suka samar da wani mazugi 'ya'yan itace da tsaba a ciki.
• Angiosperms. Mafi na kowa shuke-shuke. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cewa iri dogara boye karkashin fata na 'ya'yan itace. Farfagandar faruwa a hanyoyi da dama. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin abin da suke da namiji da mace jima'i gabobin a cikin tsarin.

Duk wadannan shuke-shuke girma da kuma ci gaba a ƙasa for quite lokaci mai tsawo. Sun bambanta daga juna ta hanyar haifuwa da kuma gaban daban-daban gabobin. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa ciyayi yana da babban tasiri a kan rayuwar mutum.

flowering shuke-shuke

Wannan nau'in shi ne mafi girma a cikin shuka mulkin. Flowering tsire-tsire, ko angiosperms, girma a duniya tun lokacin da. Ferns a cikin juyin halitta ya kasu kashi da yawa iri.

Babban haihuwa gabobin da flowering shuke-shuke - da tsaba. Suna kare da 'ya'yan itace da taimaka musu su dage har sai rarraba. Sha'awa, wannan ne kawai rukuni na shuke-shuke da cewa za a iya suya samar da wata al'umma. Bi da bi, da furanni ya kasu kashi biyu subspecies: monocots da dicots.

Babban bambancin da flowering ne cewa haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire - furanni, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da tsaba. Pollination faruwa da iska, ruwa, kwari da dabbobi. A tsarin da shuke-shuke da namiji da mace zarostok kuma akwai biyu hadi.

Seed germination ne cikakken da ruwa da kuma ta kumbura, sa'an nan sauyawa abu cleaved da kuma samar da makamashi domin germination. Saboda akwai tayi ɗigon maniyyi, wanda baya zama flower, a itace, ko ciyawa.

gymnosperms

Wannan irin bayyana miliyoyin shekaru da suka wuce. Gymnosperms haifa ta hanyar spores, da kuma a cikin tsarin juyin halitta ya bayyana da tsaba. A cewar da tsarin da 'ya'yan - An harbe. Seed aka located a karkashin Sikeli da a wata hanya kare.

A gymnosperms, da haihuwa gabobin iya zama iri-iri. Ga wasu shi bumps, wasu suna kama da berries.

Wadannan sun hada da ba wai kawai conifers, amma kuma deciduous itatuwa. A cikin hamadar Kenya tsiro ban mamaki shuka, wanda yana da biyu kawai manyan zanen gado. Dan uwan shi ne ephedra. Wannan gymnosperm cewa yana da kananan zagaye berries.

A tsari na pollination

Kamar yadda aka sani, ga haihuwa gabobin da tsire-tsire masu flower, 'ya'yan itace da iri. Cewa akwai wani tsari na hadi, pollination wajibi ne, abin da ya sa bayyanar zuriyarsa.

A angiosperms, da tattara abubuwa masu kyau na namiji da mace Kwayoyin. Wannan an samu godiya ga giciye-pollination. Wannan tsari na da canja wurin pollen daga daya flower zuwa wani. A wasu lokuta, a can ne kai-pollination.

Domin baibayin bukatar mataimaka ba. Da farko, yana da cikin kwari. Su regale da zaki pollen da kuma gudanar da shi daga flower zuwa flower a kan su stigmas da fuka-fuki. Bayan haka, za a fara aikinku haihuwa gabobin da shuke-shuke. Flowers cewa suna pollinated ta hanyar kwari, fentin a mai haske da kuma arziki launuka. Bayan zanen, suna janyo hankalin da ƙanshi. Kwari da kanshi a flower, kasancewa tafi a wata babbar nesa.

Wind-pollinated shuke-shuke suna kuma sanye take da musamman na'urorin. Su anthers suna located quite da yardar kaina, saboda haka iska ta fãɗa da pollen. Alal misali, poplar blossoms a cikin iska. Wannan damar unimpeded hannu pollen daga daya itace zuwa wani.

Akwai shuke-shuke a pollination da taimaka kananan tsuntsaye. Su furanni da kaifi dandano, amma sanye take da wani haske ja launi. Yana janyo hankalin tsuntsaye sha Nectar da pollination faruwa lokaci guda.

Juyin Halitta daga shuke-shuke

Bayan bayyanar ƙasar ya canza yanayi. Tsire-tsire sun samo asali hankali da kuma maye gurbinsu da ferns zo furanni, bushes da itatuwa. Wannan shi ne saboda bayyanar da tushen tsarin, tsokoki da kuma Kwayoyin.

Tare da dama haihuwa gabobin da angiosperms bayyana more jinsunan da subspecies. Domin kiwo fara bayyana spores da tsaba, waxanda suke da jam sel.

A hankali ya haifar harbe, ganye da 'ya'yan itace. Bayan landfall shuke-shuke sun samo asali a cikin biyu kwatance. Wasu (gametophyte) da biyu bulan na ci gaba, yayin da wasu (sporophytic) shige daga daya sake zagayowar zuwa wani.

Tsire-tsire sun saba da samo asali. Spore iri karfe up to 40 mita high. Suka fara bayyana duk sabon haihuwa gabobin da shuke-shuke. Su ci gaba shi ne dogara a kan na waje muhalli.

Ta kafa a cikin zuriyarsa tayi, wanda bayan hadi da spraying toho. Da zarar a cikin ƙasa, ya aka ciyar da gina jiki da kuma juya a cikin wani sprout.

Juyin Halitta daga hadi tsari ya haddasa bayyanar angiosperms, wanda tsaba da aka tanada 'ya'yan.

The darajar shuke-adam

da na halitta duniya domin amfanin mutane ne m. Tsire-tsire ba kawai emit gas, salts da ruwa, amma ana tuba zuwa inorganic abubuwa wajibi ne a rayuwa. Amfani da tushen tsarin, da harbe da kuma bar gas musayar faruwa.

Green shuke-shuke tara mai muhimmanci da kwayoyin abubuwa, iska tsarkake na carbon dioxide, yayin da saturating shi tare da oxygen.

Saboda da albarkatun mutane suna samun karin muhimmanci da kayayyakin, wajibi ne a rayuwa. Tsire-tsire zama abinci ga dabbobi da mutane. Suna amfani da su bi cututtuka daban-daban a samar da kayan shafawa.

Tun da haihuwa sashin jiki da shuka ne da 'ya'yan itace da iri, sun zama ba makawa a cikin abinci na mutane. Berries cewa girma a kan bushes, kamar kusan kome da kome. Mene ne ban sha'awa, da kwal da man fetur da kuma zo daga ciyayi. Peatlands - shi ne fitowan na algae da ferns.

Vegetative da kuma haihuwa gabobin da flowering shuke-shuke taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwarsu. Su suke da alhakin abinci mai gina jiki, ci gaba da kuma haifuwa. Lokacin da rai sake zagayowar ƙare, da tsaba germinate da kuma yada a sabon shuka.