A Sanadin rikicen tattalin arziki. A tarihin rikicen tattalin arziki

Zamani al'umma da aka yi da mafi kyau don inganta matakin da yanayin rayuwarsa. Yana yiwuwa a cim ma ta wajen ci gaban tattalin arziki, ba kawai saboda guda jihar, amma kuma kowane daga cikin duniya ƙasashe. Tarihi ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin lokuta na ci gaba ƙare wucin gadi tattalin arziki rashin zaman lafiya.

A overlapping jihar na tattalin arzikin

Mutane da yawa na duniya zukatan lura 2 jihohin a cikin abin da gudana a cikin tattalin arzikin na kowace kasa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci.

• Balance. An halin a ma'auni na zaman jama'a da kuma samar da jama'a amfani. A cikin kasuwar, wadannan biyu Concepts da aka sani da wadata da kuma bukatar. Kan aiwatar da ci gaban tattalin arziki ne halin da na gani motsi a cikin wani madaidaiciya line. A sauki kalmomi za mu iya ce cewa fitarwa ƙaruwa a juz'i a rabo da karuwa a samar da abubuwan.

• Disequilibrium. Wannan irin rikicin na overproduction a cikin zaman jama'a sikelin. Al'ada sadarwa keta, Saboda haka, kamar yadda wani rabo daga cikin tattalin arziki.

Mene ne tattalin arziki da rikicin?

A tattalin arziki da rikicin za a iya kira da cikakken rashin daidaituwa a cikin tattalin arziki kansu ga wadda ta muhimmi asara da kuma samu karaya na jitu dangantakar, duka a samar da a kasuwar Sin. Fassara daga Girkanci manufar «krisis» fassara a matsayin wani sauyi. Yana nuna wani m tabarbarewar tattalin arziki da yanayin jihar, ga abin da halin da karu a samar da rata na samar da dangantakar da fatarar na babban yawan kamfanoni da tashin rashin aikin yi. A fall na tattalin arzikin take kaiwa zuwa wani karu a rayuwar da wani tabarbarewar jindadin aukacin jama'ar. A rikicin hade da duniya raya ci gaban cuta. Daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren na sabon abu - shine amfani da m jari na bashin da kuma rashin iyawa mutane biya kashe su lokaci mafi kyau. Manyan dalilan da tattalin arziki da rikicin, mafi tattalin arziki hade da disequilibrium a wani biyu daga wadata da kuma bukatar da kaya da kuma ayyuka.

Proximate Sanadin rikicen tattalin arziki

Global alamomin zuwa fitowan na duniya rikicin iya kira da rikitarwa tsakanin aiki da kuma wadanda ba m iri ainihin samarwa ko tsakanin samarwa da kuma amfani, tsakanin tsarin da waje duniya. Lokacin da rashin daidaituwa na samarwa da kuma wadanda ba samarwa dakarun keta kayayyaki-kudi a tsakaninsu. A cikin hulda da tsarin da kuma yanayi a taron na bala'i da cewa ba za a iya sarrafawa, akwai kasawa a cikin aiki na al'umma. A Sanadin rikicen tattalin arziki, masana hade da zurfafa da kuma ci gaban hadin gwiwa, specialization, exacerbating da bambance-bambance tsakanin gudanar da samar. Ko da wani jinkirin motsi daga kayayyaki da samar da hadin gwiwa da kuma yi ya tura bayyanuwar gida crises. A duk yawan halaye, da na gida yanayin crises an cimma wani tsarin na ciki reserves Kai gudãnar tsarin.

Fage da ãyõyin rikicin

A dalilan da kai ga rikicen tattalin arziki, da babban tasiri a kan bukatar kudin, imprinted a kan fihirisa, wanda aka yadu amfani da bincike na ciniki. Tattalin arzikin duniya daga lokaci zuwa lokaci fuskanci wani rashin daidaituwa. The sabon abu na faruwa a kowane 8-12 shekaru. Wannan bayyana kanta a wani m kewayon matsaloli:

• Wahala da sayar da kaya;

• undesired kaifi tattalin arziki ma'auni.

• da dakushe samarwa;

• mafitar rashin aikin yi;

• rage a harkokin zuba jari aiki;

• sāke wuri na rance Sphere.

All sama matsaloli a wani hadadden a cikin tarihi da aka kira a rikicin na overproduction.

A cikin babban rawa a cikin samuwar unfavorable halin da ake ciki a kasar wasa kudi, amma kawai idan suna dauke a matsayin hanyar sadarwa da kuma kayan aiki domin yin biya. Yana da aka gani daga tarihi cewa rashin daidaituwa da tattalin arziki a kasashen duniya ya fara bayyana ne kawai bayan da monetary-kayayyaki nau'i na noma da aka gabatar a tare da tsarin jari-hujja. Yana da rikitarwa da tsarin siyasa ya yi hambarar a cikin rãyuwar al'ummai ne kawai ya cancanta. Tamkar Jigo na sabon abu - shi ne wani rikici tsakanin socialized samar da zaman jari hujja ikon mallakar. Yanayi na samar da kasuwanci yanayi na dukiya ya bambanta ma saboda da ragi darajar. Production na high girma samar hana m ikon jama'a, da kuma ganin na bayar da dukiya - proportionality yankunan jama'a, wanda aka ba m da bukatun mutane da ikon biya. Babban musu ne cewa duniya ta karfe samarwa don samar da dama daga cikin dukiya da cewa duniya al'umma ne kawai iya cinye dukkan su.

Rawar da tsarin jari hujja a cikin samuwar rikicin

Mutane da yawa daga cikin Sanadin rikicen tattalin arziki kai tsaye da nasaba da tsarin jari hujja, kamar yadda ta asali yanayi dogara ne a kan Unlimited fadada samar. Mayar da hankali a kan din enrichment stimulates da akai saki sabon da sababbin kayayyakin. Za zamani na kayan aiki da kuma bullo da sabuwar fasahar a dukkan sassa na aiki. Irin wannan aiki da matakan ga masana'antu ci gaba suke da muhimmanci ga kamfanoni da manyan kamfanonin yin tsayayya da wani fairly high matakin na gasar. Da bukatar a rage farashin a samar da wani aiki gwagwarmaya da fafatawa a gasa sa mafi 'yan kasuwa tsananin iyakance la'ada girma. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa kaifi karuwa a samar da shi ne mafi girma daga fadada zaman kansa amfani. Don santsi da rikici tsakanin samarwa da kuma masu amfani da su warware asali al'amurran da suka shafi tattalin arziki, don tabbatar da cewa aiki kasuwa ma'aikata ganiya quality, jihar ke zuwa duniya zamantakewa bayar wa. A halin yanzu rikicin za a iya kira tsanaki sakamako na bashi bazuwa.

iri-iri na crises

Global crises za a iya bayyana a matsayin wucin gadi tsawon m adawa tsakanin tattalin arzikin jihar da kuma masu zaman kansu, 'yan kasuwa. Shi ne da kamfanonin nuna mafi m matsaloli a cikin tsarin. Daga cikin su tsaye a waje:

• rushewar kudi tsarin.

• overproduction da underproduction.

• rikicin tallace-tallace na dukiya da kuma ayyuka.

• da rikicin a cikin dangantakar dake tsakanin counterparties a cikin kasuwar.

Duk wannan ya rage solvency na yawan jama'ar, saboda haka, entails da fatarar da yawa nasara kamfanoni. A rikicin a cikin macroeconomic matakin halin da kaifi dakushe GDP da wani fall a harkokin kasuwanci. Kumbura yana girma a karuwa da sauri shugabanci, da rashin aikin yi ƙaruwa da kuma misali na rai na yawan aka ƙwarai rage. Fraught da bakin ciki sakamakon da tattalin alaka da rikicin kudi subsystem. Wannan shi ne rata tsakanin bukatun na wani sabon tattalin arziki misali na rai, kuma mafi ra'ayin mazan jiya kudi cibiyoyin. Rikicen tattalin arziki, da haddasawa da kuma sakamakon da wanda ake classified shekaru da yawa, za su iya fita daga kananan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki matsaloli. Dalilin wannan - gaban kusa links tsakanin abubuwa da tsarin da aiwatar subsystems. Local wahala quite da sauri rufe dukan tsarin, da kuma ba shi yiwuwa a kawar da wasu matsaloli a taron na wani rikicin abubuwan da ake bukata ga dukan tsarin. A Sanadin tattalin arziki na duniya rikicin na iya zama sosai bambancin, amma sabon abu ne cyclical a yanayi. Idan ka yi da na gani na ci gaban tattalin arziki, da motsi za a za'ayi a cikin wani karkace.

Babban lokaci na rikicin

A tarihin rikicen tattalin arziki (tare da dogon lokacin da masu bincike da kuma mashawarta masanin kimiyyar) a yarda ware da ci gaban kowane daga cikin rikicin tattalin arziki a cikin 4 babban matakai:

• Rufe kanta mataki. Wannan ne lokaci na asalin da matsaloli. A gaskiya Sanadin da tattalin arziki da rikicin sun riga sun faru, amma su suna ba tukuna fayyace haka. Lokacin yana da haske ci gaban da kasar na samarwa da kuma ci gaba, wanda ya kai ta ganiya.

• A jari na saba wa juna. A wannan lokacin da fall a zaman kuzarin kawo cikas. Rikicin matakai fara bayyana cewa sun imperceptible a mataki na farko.

• Wucin gadi tabbatar da dorewar mataki. Wannan shi ne wucin gadi lull a cikin toho, shi ne na kowa ga duk manyan-sikelin tattalin arziki da rikicin. A Sanadin da kuma sakamakon na iya zama yankunan. Society ne a kan gab da rayuwa. Society aka rabe bisa ga aiki ta Ƙasa. Bright biyu kungiyoyin na mutane za a iya gani. Wasu zare jiki outstay matsaloli a cikin bege cewa shi zai kasance a, da sauran - rayayye aiki don inganta halin rayuwarsu, neman hanyar fita.

• Farfadowa da na'ura. Duk da cewa tattalin arzikin duniya yana fuskantar wani downturn, mutane sun saba. Wannan zama predosylkoy karfafawa mafi yawa gida subsystems. A wannan mataki da babban saki shirin halin da suke ciki an riga an ci gaba da shirye domin aiwatar. Fata a cikin al'umma inganta. Social muhimmancin inganta.

Amurka tasiri a kan samuwar duniya crises

Tarihi da tattalin arziki da rikicin da ya nuna cewa korau jin zuciya a cikin al'umma iya zama sakamakon matsalolin da ya tashi a Amurka. Babu shakka cewa duk tattalin arziki na duniya suna juna da kuma shi ne mai key kashi a cikin ni'imar Amurka. The nauyi na GDP na kasar ya a cikin tattalin arzikin na duniya ne fiye da 50%. A jihar lissafinsu game da 25% na man fetur da amfani. Fitar da yawancin duniya ya furta shi ne mayar da hankali a kan United States.

A zuciya na American tattalin arziki ne wani hadadden tsarin kudi, wanda, da rashin alheri, yana sa da siffofin duniya rikicen tattalin arziki. Af, a cikin 'yan shekaru da kudi tsarin na jihar ya fara aiki sun fi mayar da kansa. A wannan yanayin, babban dukiya ake samu ba daga masana'antu da kuma masana'antu da kamfanoni, da kuma suna aikata ta hanyar fiddling tare da kudin. Saboda haka, yana kafa wani irin "kudin sabulu kumfa", da adadin abin da yake sau da yawa ƙara da kayayyakin samar da masana'antu kansu. Akwai masana suka yi imani da cewa hanyar da tattalin arziki da rikicin da aka ba da nasaba da jinginar gida Meltdown a Amurka. A sabon abu ne kawai ya} ashin da ya kai ga wani canji a cikin tattalin arziki.

Lamuntawa - wani mataki wajen rikicin

A daidai da dokokin na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci, bukatar halitta wadata. A wannan yanayin, a sakamakon din overproduction gano cewa da tsari zai iya bayar da Yunƙurin zuwa da bukatar cewa za a rayayye goyan bayan bashi wurare. Lokacin da bankin ci gaba da bai wa mutane, a tsare rage su amfani rates da kuma samar da kyakkyawan yanayi ga hadin gwiwa, da kudi samun a hannun wanda arzikinsa ya karye mutane. Mass fice biya kai ga cewa garanti arziki, musamman dukiya, zai fara sayar. Abin baƙin ciki, da karuwa a samar da bukatar rage ba da damar da banki su koma su dukiya. A karkashin duka hits yi kansu, da kuma rashin liquidity zama da tushen da rikicin a quite da real tattalin arzikin.

Duk da objectivity na bashi, kamar yadda wani da ake bukata kafun da samuwar da rikicin, da Sanadin sabon abu ne sosai sabanin. Tasiri a kan tsari na abin da ya faru na m dalilai daban-daban a lokaci jinkiri faruwa a hanyoyi daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari, domin kowace} asa, halin da nasu mutum halaye na ci gaba. Mafi yawa daga cikin masana ya haɗu cyclical mamaki daga kimiyya da fasaha ci gaban Amirka. The aiki na jiki babban birnin kasar da aka tsufa 10-12 shekaru. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa da bukatar ta sabuntawa, da cewa shi ne na biyu siginar zuwa Tarurrukan na tattalin arziki aiki. Rawar da wani tura zuwa ci gaban jihar za su iya taka gabatarwar sabon kayan aiki a samar da ci gaba na sabon fasahar da cewa an kai tsaye alaka lamuntawa. Wannan shi ne tushen duk na tattalin arziki da sake zagayowar. Kamar yadda nassi na lokaci, da lokaci na babban birnin kasar tsufa fara ji ƙyama. A cikin karni na 19th, da lokacin da aka rage wa 10-11 shekaru baya ga 7-8 shekaru. Bayan da yaki, bayyanuwar crises masu girma dabam fara lura kowane 4-5 shekaru.

A kadan game da rikicin a duniya ta kasashen

Kusan kowace tasowa fuskantar rikicin. Su ne wani ɓangare daga ci gaba. Zaman lafiya da kuma imbalances a cikin tattalin arzikin kawai rabuwa. Kafin capitalism matsaloli tashi a sakamakon underproduction, a yau da wuya a hade da overproduction. Daga farko tattalin arziki da rikicin fuskanci mazauna Ingila a matsayin nisa baya kamar yadda 1825. A lokacin da wannan lokaci, kasar ta fara mamaye tsarin jari-hujja. A na gaba gamuwa da matsaloli Birtaniya da kuma Amurka a 1836. Tuni a 1847 rikicin buga kusan kowace kasa a Turai. Daga farkon, na farko alfijir na jari hujja zurfin ƙi a duniya nasa 1857. Great wuya daga cikin tattalin arzikin duniya da za a iya lura daga 1900 zuwa 1903., As kyau kamar yadda a cikin shekaru na 1907 da kuma 1920. Daya shi ne kawai wani shiri domin mafi wuya lokaci a cikin tarihin duniya. Hankula Sanadin da tattalin arziki da rikicin na 1929-1933 ya jagoranci wani dakushe duk bangarorin tattalin arzikin duniya. Kawai a Amurka ya tafi fatara ba kasa da 109 dubu kamfanoni. Mawuyacin bayan da koma bayan tattalin arziki da aka protracted. Da wannan ya ba da karshen. Bayan 4 shekaru na bala'i, bayan wani gajeren lokaci na fi, ya shiga wani sabon ƙi, nasarar yana tsalle, yana dawo da mataki. A wannan lokaci, da girma na duniya masana'antu samar ya ragu da fiye da 11%. A Amurka, wannan adadi ya kai kashi 21 cikin dari. Yawan samar da motoci fadi ta 40%. Ci gaba da kuma ƙarin tsanani daga matsaloli ta katse yakin duniya na biyu, wanda dade daga 1939 zuwa 1945. Gamawa na tashin alama da gida tattalin arziki da rikicin, wanda ya buga ba kawai a Amurka amma kuma a Canada. A Amurka, masana'antu samar fadi da 18,2%, Canada - a 12%. Jari hujja kasashen yanke samar da 6%.

A na gaba duniya rikicin ba za su yi jira dogon. Jari hujja kasashen fara fafitikar da setbacks a cikin tattalin arzikin da ya rigaya a 1953-1954, da kuma a 1957-1958. Daya daga cikin mafi wuya lokacin a cikin ci gaban da mutãne tarihi koma zuwa 1973-1975 biennium. A rarrabe da wannan lokaci lokaci a tarihi - wani babban matakin da hauhawar farashin kaya. mafi muhimmanci masana'antu da aka buga. Matsaloli shafi makamashi kansu, kayayyaki trends, tsarin dukiya da kuma aikin noma.