Abin da ake kira abu? Simple da hadaddun kwayoyin halitta: manufar

Duk abin da na kewaye da mu na da jiki da kuma sinadaran halitta. Abin da ake kira al'amarin, kuma abin da iri shi zama? Shi ne wani jiki abu da ciwon takamaiman sinadaran abun da ke ciki. A Latin, da kalmar "abu" ne cinye Substantia, wanda shi ne ma sau da yawa amfani da masana kimiyya. Abin da yake wakilta?

Don kwanan wata, akwai fiye da miliyan 20 na daban-daban abubuwa. The iska ya ƙunshi daban-daban gas a cikin teku, da kõguna da tekuna - ruwa tare da ma'adanai da kuma salts. The m fata Layer na duniya kunshi yawa kankara. Mafiya yawan daban-daban abubuwa gabatar a kowane mai rai kwayoyin.

Janar Concepts

A zamani sunadarai abu wanda definition aka fahimci matsayin irin al'amari, yana mai sauran taro. Yana da aka hada da na farko barbashi ko quasiparticles. An integral alama na wani abu ne da nauyi. Yawanci, a gwada low yawa da kuma yanayin zafi a ta bangare fi kowa na farko barbashi kamar electrons, neutrons da protons. A karshe biyu atomic nuclei. Duk wadannan na farko barbashi samar da abubuwa irin su curin kwayoyin halittu da lu'ulu'u. Inherently, su atomic abu (kwayoyin halitta) kunshi electrons, protons da neutrons.

A cikin sharuddan ilmin halitta, "abu" - manufar al'amarin, wanda Forms masana'anta na wani kwayoyin. Yana da wani ɓangare na wasu gabbansa da aka samu a Kwayoyin. A general sharuddan "abu" - wani nau'i na al'amarin, wanda aka kafa daga duk jiki na zahiri.

Properties na al'amarin

Properties na abu kira wani sa na haƙiƙa halaye da cewa sanin ainihi. Su ka damar rarrabe daya abu daga wani. A mafi hankula physico-sinadaran Properties daga cikin abu:

• yawa.

• tafasar batu da kuma narkewa.

• thermodynamic halaye.

• sinadaran Properties.

• crystal tsarin dabi'u.

Dukkan wadannan sigogi ne canzawa constants. Tun da dukan abubuwa bambanta da juna, da suka mallaka wasu jiki Properties. Abin da ake nufi da wannan kalma? Properties na abu kira da halaye ƙaddara da ji ko kallo ba tare da mayar da shi a cikin wani abu. A mafi muhimmanci su ne:

• jiki jihar.

• launi da luster.

• gaban wari.

• dandano;

• solubility ko insolubility a ruwa.

• narkewa da kuma tafasar zazzabi.

• yawa.

• lantarki watsin.

• thermal watsin.

• taurin.

• fragility.

• plasticity.

Domin crystalline abubuwa halayyar yana da irin wannan jiki dukiya a matsayin wani nau'i. Launi, dandano, kamshi da aka kaddara gani kuma ta hanyar da hankula. Irin wannan jiki sigogi kamar yawa, narkewa batu da kuma tafasar batu, watsin da aka lasafta ta yin amfani daban-daban ma'aunai. Details game da jiki Properties na mafi abubuwa an gabatar a musamman kundayen. Sun dogara ne a kan tara jihar na abu. Saboda haka, da yawa daga ruwa, kankara da tururi ne quite daban-daban. Oxygen a gaseous jihar ne colorless da ruwa - na da blue tint. A iri-iri na kayan za a iya bambanta godiya ga daban-daban jiki halaye. Kamar haka, jan - kawai karfe ciwon ja tint. Kawai dutse gishiri yana da wani m iyawa. A mafi yawan lokuta, domin sanin abu dole ne ya yi la'akari da dama sanannun Properties.

hali Concepts

Mutane da yawa dame manufar "sinadari", "zarra", "sauki abu". A gaskiya ma, sun bambanta da juna. Saboda haka, zarra - a kankare ra'ayi, kamar yadda wanzu. Chemical kashi - m (gama) shiba. A yanayi shi wanzu ne kawai a cikin wani nau'i na nasaba ko free kwayoyin halitta. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne mai sauki, ko hadaddun abu. Kowane sinadari na da alama - da alamar (alama). A wasu lokuta, da kuma shi nuna da abun da ke ciki na wani sauki abu (B, C, Zn). Amma sau da yawa, wannan alamar na nuni da kawai da sinadaran kashi. Wannan fili oxygen dabara. Tun O - shi ne kawai da wani sinadari, wani sauki abu na oxygen da aka denoted da dabara Yã _2.

Akwai sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin wadannan Concepts. Ya kamata rarrabe halaye (Properties) na sauki abubuwa na tara gaɓũɓuwa, da kuma wani sinadari, kasancewa wani irin zarra. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin sunayen. A mafi yawan lokuta, da sinadaran nadi na kashi da kuma sauki abu aya. Duk da haka, akwai ban ga wannan mulkin.

rarrabuwa na abubuwa

Abin da ake kira abu cikin sharuddan kimiyya? Yawan daban-daban abubuwa ne manya-manyan. Halitta abu, wanda definition ne saboda da na halitta asalin, na iya zama kwayoyin ko inorganic. Mutane da yawa sun koya haduwa mahadi artificially. Kalmar "wakili" yana nufin sauki rabuwa (mutum) da abubuwa da kuma garwayayye daga gare ta. Relationship rarrabuwa dogara a kan wani adadin su a cikin shi.

Tabbatar da dalilin sauki abu fahimci m ra'ayi wanda yana nufin sunadaran juna ta wasu jiki da kuma sinadaran dokokin. A duk da wannan kan iyaka tsakanin shi da kuma cakuda shi ne sosai m, saboda wasu abubuwa da wani m tsarin. Domin su, shi ya ba ko miƙa daidai dabara. Saboda gaskiya cewa mai sauki abu ba zai samu ba matuƙar ta tsarki, wannan ra'ayi ne da wani abstraction. A wasu kalmomi, a cikin wani daga cikinsu akwai cakuda sinadaran abubuwa, a cikin abin da daya predominates. Sau da yawa tsarki abu kai tsaye rinjayar da kaddarorin. More kullum gina wata sauki abu na kwayoyin halitta na sinadari. Alal misali, a cikin wani kwayoyin na oxygen gas da aka dauke ta 2 m zarra (Ya _2).

Abin da ake kira da hadaddun kwayoyin halitta? Irin wannan sinadaran fili ya hada daban-daban kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin kwayoyin. Wani lokaci shi ne ake kira mai gauraye sinadaran abu. Complex cakuda abubuwa ake magana a kai, wanda ake kafa daga kwayoyin halitta na DNA biyu ko fiye abubuwa. Alal misali, a ruwa kwayoyin ne daya oxygen zarra da biyu hydrogen (H ₂ Ya). Wannan mas'ala ta a fili yayi dace kwayoyin hada da daban-daban da sinadaran abubuwa. Irin wannan abubuwa suna da yawa fiye da sauki. Suna iya zama halitta da kuma wucin gadi.

Simple da hadaddun abubuwa, manufar wanda wasu har sabani, sãɓã wa jũna a cikin dũkiyarsu. Alal misali, titanium zama da karfi kawai idan aka sami saki na oxygen zuwa kasa da kashi daya bisa ɗari na wani kashi. Complex da kuma sauki abu, da sinadaran nadi na wanda ya cije wuya a gane, yana iya zama na biyu iri: kwayoyin da inorganic.

inorganics

Don sun hada da duk inorganic sinadaran mahadi ba dauke da carbon. Wannan kungiyar hada da wasu abubuwa, wanda aka hada da rabi (cyanides, carbonates, carbides, carbon oxides da kuma wasu sauran abubuwa). Su ba su da halayyar da kwayoyin kwarangwal abubuwa. To suna da fili na dabara yiwu kowane ta lokaci-lokaci tsarin da kuma makaranta Hakika sunadarai. Dukan su suna ta kaddamarda da Latin haruffa. Abin da ake kira da dũkiyõyinsu a wannan harka? All inorganic abubuwa kasu kashi da wadannan kungiyoyin:

• sauki abubuwa: karafa (MG, Na, Ca). nonmetals (P, S). daraja gas (Ya, Ar, Xe). amphoterics (Al, Zn, Fe).

• hadaddun: salts, oxides, acid, hydroxides.

Organic abubuwa

Tabbatar da dalilin da kwayoyin halitta ne quite sauki. Wadannan abubuwa sun hada da sinadaran mahadi, a cikin abun da ke ciki na wanda nan ne carbon. Wannan aji na kayan ne mafi m. Duk da haka, wannan mulki akwai ban. Saboda haka, kada koma zuwa kwayoyin abubuwa: carbon oxides, carbides, carbonates, carbonic acid, cyanides da thiocyanates.

A amsar wannan tambaya "Mene ne kwayoyin kayan" ya hada da wani yawan hadaddun mahadi. Wadannan sun hada da: amines, amides, ketones, anhydrides, aldehydes, nitriles, carboxylic acid, Organic sulfur mahadi, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, esters, amino acid.

Babban azuzuwan na nazarin halittu kwayoyin kayan hada da lipids, sunadarai, nucleic acid, carbohydrates. Su, a Bugu da kari zuwa carbon, an hada da hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen. Menene halayen a cikin kwayoyin halittar? Su bambancin da bambancin tsarin da aka bayyana siffofi da carbon atoms wanda suke iya kafa karfi shaidu da connection sarkar. Wannan results a cikin wani sosai a barga kwayoyin. carbon atoms samar da wata wandar-wandar tafiyar maciji sarkar wanda shi ne halayyar kwayoyin abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, da tsarin da kwayoyin kai tsaye rinjayar da sinadaran Properties. Carbon a cikin kwayoyin abubuwa ƙila a haɗe a cikin bude da kuma cyclic (rufe) sarkar.

tara jihohin

A definition of "abu" a cikin sunadarai ba samar da fadada manufar ta Jihar tari. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin irin rawa da su a cikin wanzuwar hulda tsakanin kwayoyin. Akwai 3 tara jihar na abu:

• M, cikinsa da kwayoyin ana tam alaka. karfi janye therebetween da aka kafa. A m jihar da kwayoyin ba su iya matsawa da yardar kaina. Za su iya kawai yin wani oscillatory motsi. Godiya ga wannan kyau kwarai daskararru riƙe su siffar da kuma girma.

• A ruwa a cikin abin da kwayoyin da yawa da 'yanci da kuma iya motsawa daga wuri daya zuwa wani. Godiya ga wadannan kaddarorin, wani ruwa iya dauka da siffar da jirgin ruwa da kuma kwarara.

Gaseous • cikin abin da na farko barbashi da abu motsa yardar kaina da kuma da ka. Kwayoyin shaidu a cikin wannan jiha ne don haka mai rauni, cewa ba za su iya zama daga juna. A gaseous abu ne iya ciko a manyan girma.

A misali na ruwa shi ne mai sauki fahimta bambanci tsakanin kankara, ruwa da tururi. Duk wadannan jihohi na tari ba dangantaka da mutum halaye na da sinadaran. Su dace da jihohi kawai da wanzuwar abu, mai zaman kanta da waje jiki yanayi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ruwa ba za a iya unequivocally dangana da wata ãyã daga ruwa. Lokacin da yanayin canja da yawa sunadarai wuce daga daya jiha zuwa wani. A lokacin da wannan tsari da gano tsaka-tsaki (iyakar) iri. Mafi shahara daga cikin waɗannan ne amorphous jihar, da ake kira vitreous. Wannan definition of "abu" a cikin sunadarai dangantawa da tsarinta (a Greek amorphos - formless).

A kimiyyar lissafi, an dauke wani tara jihar kira jini. An dukansa ko partially ionized kuma halin guda yawa na korau da kyau zargin. A wasu kalmomin, da jini ne electrically tsaka tsaki. Wannan Jihar al'amari ya auku ne kawai a musamman high yanayin zafi. Wani lokaci su isa dubban digiri Kelvin. A cewar wasu daga da kaddarorin shi ne kishiyar na jini gas. A karshen yana da wani low lantarki watsin. A gas kunshi barbashi wanda suke kama da juna. Duk da haka, da suka suna da wuya ci karo. A jini yana da babban lantarki watsin. Ya kunshi na farko barbashi dabam-dabam wutar lantarki. Su kullum hulɗa tare da juna.

Akwai kuma abubuwa irin tsaka-tsaki jihohi kamar yadda ruwa crystal da polymer (elastomeric). Saboda gaban wadannan tsaka-tsakin kwararru sau da yawa amfani da fadi manufar "lokaci". A karkashin wani yanayi, isasshe daban-daban daga saba, wasu abubuwa zama na musamman a jihar, misali, superconducting da superfluid.

lu'ulu'u ne

A lu'ulu'u ne daskararru da ciwon da wata halitta siffar na yau da kullum polyhedra. Yana dogara ne a kan ta ciki tsarin da ya dogara da wuri na ta bijiro da batun kafa kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin da ions. A sunadarai, shi ne ake kira a raga. Irin wannan tsarin ne mutum ga kowane abu, Saboda haka shi ne daya daga cikin muhimman jiki da kuma sinadaran sigogi.

Ka nĩsantar da tsakãnin barbashi hada da lu'ulu'u kira raga sigogi. Suna m da taimakon jiki da hanyoyin da tsarin bincike. Sau da yawa, daskararru ne fiye da daya nau'i na crystal raga. Irin Tsarin ake kira polymorphic gyare-gyare. Daga cikin sauki abubuwa yada orthorhombic da monoclinic form. Irin wannan abubuwa sun hada da graphite, lu'u-lu'u, sulfur wakiltar kyakkyawan da kuma cubic gyare-gyare na carbon. Wannan nau'i aka lura da hadaddun abubuwa irin ma'adini, cristobalite, tridymite, waxanda suke da wani canji na silica.

The abu a matsayin wani nau'i na matsala

Duk da cewa a cikin ma'anar "abu" da "al'amarin," suna kama, ba su da cikakken m. Yana da da'awar Malamai da dama. Saboda haka, a ambaci kalmar "al'amarin," sau da yawa nufa m, inert da matattu gaskiya fallasa da dominance na inji dokokin. A karkashin definition of "abu" ne mafi sani ga abu wanda, saboda da siffar, da ra'ayin ne cikin rayuwa da kuma fitness ga rajista.

Yau, masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni da al'amari na yarda da zahirin gaskiya cewa akwai a cikin sarari, da kuma canje-canje a kan lokaci. Yana iya gabatar a biyu siffofin:

• A farko yana da wani kalaman yanayi. Yana hada weightlessness, m cin gaba. Yana iya yada a haske gudun.

• Na biyu - corpuscular mallakan sauran taro. Yana da aka hada da na farko barbashi, iri dabam-dabam a cikin sarrafawa. Ta malopronitsaema ko impermeable, kuma ba zai iya yada a haske gudun.

A farko nau'i na wanzuwar kwayoyin halitta da ake kira da filin, da kuma na biyu - wata abu. Bã su da yawa a cikin na kowa, saboda electrons da ma barbashi ya kaɗa Properties. Sun bayyana a cikin takaice matakin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa rabuwa da filin da kuma abu ne da ya dace.

Unity abu da kuma filin

Masana kimiyya sun dade da aka sani cewa mafi m da kuma girma fiye da wani na farko barbashi na al'amarin, da more sharply ta nuna hali da kuma delimitation. Kamar wancan haske a bayyane bambanci tsakanin kwayoyin halitta da kuma filin, halin da cin gaba. Karamin da na farko barbashi abu, karami ta taro. A wannan yanayin, contrasting shi tare da filin zama mafi hadaddun. A daban-daban mikrovolneniyah shi kullum hasarar da ma'anar, tun da daban-daban na farko barbashi - photons ne m jihohin daban-daban filayen (electromagnetic - photons, makaman nukiliya - mesons).

Unity al'amarin, kuma filin, da kuma wani sarari iyaka tsakanin su da aka bayyana, a gaskiya cewa a cikin wani yanayi da barbashi bayyana saboda da filin, da kuma in ba haka ba - a kan m. A misali mai kyau na wannan shi ne sabon abu na rushewa (barbashi hira sabon abu). Duk wani abu da jiki - shi ne mai barga mahaluži, zai yiwu godiya ga gamuwa da ta abubuwa ta hanyar da filayen.