Abin da tattalin arziki ƙawance zama? List na kasa da kasa da tattalin arziki ƙawance

Wani irin shiri a cikin abin da kasashen sun amince da tsara su cinikayya da manufofin kudi da wasu kasashe, aka kira tattalin arziki. Babu shakka cewa akwai mutane da yawa daban-daban digiri na hadewa.

• Fifikon da Yarjejeniyar Harkokin Cinikin (PTA). Yarjejeniyar PTA ne watakila mafi asali nau'i na tattalin arziki. PTA, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da samarwa raguwa a tariffs ga abokan cikin wani samfurin Categories.
• A sashi na free cinikayya (FTA). Yana da aka halitta a cikin akwati inda wani rukuni na kasashen kashe tariffs a tsakãninsu, amma rike da waje jadawalin kuɗin fito a kan shigo da daga wasu kasashe. Wani misali na wani FTA ne NAFTA, wanda yakan haifar da sifili tariffs a mota shigo tsakanin Amurka da Mexico. Duk da haka, kasashe mambobin kungiyar da suke ba wani ɓangare na NAFTA, akwai sauran sa tariffs ga mota shigo cikin Mexico.
• Kwastan Union. Shi ne a lokacin da wani rukuni na kasashen kashe tariffs tsakanin su kasashe, amma kafa na kowa jadawalin kuɗin fito a shigo da su daga sauran duniya.
• Tattalin arzikin kungiyar. The guda kasuwar samar da cinikayya a mafi kyau rates, tabbatar da kowa na waje tariffs a tsakanin 'yan, da kuma kawo abũbuwan amfãni ga free motsi na kudade tsakanin kasashe. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai, an halitta a matsayin daya daga cikin yarjejeniyar da Roma a shekarar 1975, da na kowa kasuwar
• Tattalin arzikin kungiyar. Tattalin arziki da kungiyar tarayyar kasashen ayan goyi bayan yancin cinikayya a dukiya, ka tsayar da na kowa waje tariffs a tsakanin 'yan, ayyana yanayi na free motsi na babban birnin kasar kudi. Kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta kowa da manufofin aikin noma (Cap) misali ne na irin kudi daidaituwa na nuni da tattalin arziki al'umma.
• Harkar Kuɗi Union. A key ga halittar wani na kowa kudin tsakanin wani rukuni na kasashen ne a monetary jam'iyya, wanda ya shafi samuwar babban kudi dalĩli da ya kafa manufofin kudi ga dukan kungiyar.

A farkon hanyar da EurAsEC

Eurasian tattalin arziki Tarayyar - wata kungiya bisa tattalin arzikin shiyya, da kuma kungiyoyin kasa da kasa. Wannan yana nufin cewa da yanke shawara ta gabobin (Eurasian tattalin arziki Council, da hukumar tattalin arzikin da kuma tattalin arzikin Kotun) ya zama dokar kasa da kasa.

A ƙasa na Eurasian Union (EurAsEC) maida hankali ne akan fiye da miliyan 20 ^km2 (15% na Duniya ta ƙasar yankin), a cikin Commonwealth na mazaunin yawan jama'a a cikin adadin 183 mutane miliyan.

Yarjejeniyar a kan Eurasian tattalin arziki Tarayyar azurta daidaituwa na ayyukan noma, masana'antu, makamashi. janar tsafta da fasaha nagartacce. By kafa Commonwealth na tattalin arziki da kungiyoyin za su haifar da wani na kowa kasuwar na magunguna a 2016, 2019, ana sa ran kammala da samuwar wani na kowa makamashi kasuwar, da kuma a 2025 - man kasuwar, gas, da kuma man fetur kayayyakin.

Tarihi ya ambaci misalai na reorganization na kasa da kasa da tattalin arziki da kungiyoyin a cikin harkokin siyasa ko na soja ƙawance, misali mai kyau na wannan ne tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka ta Amirka. Ba yawa lokaci ya wuce tun da aka kafa ta, ya mayar da hankali ya canja daga kasuwanci ayyukan a kan ayyukan soji a kan iyakar da Commonwealth.

Friendship al'umma na farko, kuma farkon!

Disamba 22, 2014 aka alama ta musayar daga cikin kayan ƙulla da kyau-da makwabtakar da kuma kawance da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Rasha da Kazakhstan. Yarjejeniyar a kan Eurasian tattalin arziki Tarayyar bai soke a baya yarjejeniya a kan tattalin arziki da siyasa hadin gwiwa sanya hannu tsakanin kasashen biyu a shekarar 1992, a maimakon haka, shi complements da kuma kara da ikon yinsa, daga cikin hulda da kuma damar aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da biyu a layi daya.

Kungiyar bude ga kowane jihar cewa a shirye ya raba cikin manufofin da yanayi wajabta a yarjejeniya tsakanin jihohi. A karshen shekarar 2014 da kungiyar tarayyar ma shiga ta Armenia da kuma Kyrgyzstan.

Ya kamata a lura cewa, shugaba Putin ya yi kasuwanci ziyara a Uzbekistan, inda aka tattauna yanayin shiga da Eurasian Union. Majalisa na Rasha Tarayya Majalisar ce cewa shawarwari a kan zai yiwu Accession na Tajikistan ga Eurasian tattalin arziki Union.

A sabili da EurAsEC kwastam Union

EurAsEC kwastam Union (CU) zo a cikin cikakken sakamako daga Janairu 2010 a matsayin kwastam Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan da Rasha, daga baya ya koma da shi ga Armenia da kuma Kyrgyzstan.

Kwastan tattalin arziki Tarayyar aka kafa a matsayin farkon tattalin arziki da wani jam'iyya jamhuriyoyin da wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet. Saboda haka, Member States ci gaba da hanyar tattalin arzikin shiyya saboda kau da kwastan shingen tsakanin su. A karshen shekarar 2014 da Eurasian tattalin arziki Tarayyar dogara ne a kan abin hawa, wanda shi ne na kowa kudin yankin zuwa karfafa kara tattalin arziki.

TC EurAsEC mambobin: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Rasha.

Takardu hannu a 1995, 1999 da kuma 2007. Kada ku bauta wa ga tsara da kuma kare dokokin haƙƙin na Kwastan Union. A Common tattalin arziki Space da nufin sarrafa daftarin aiki, a 2007, shirya kafa na farko abin hawa, na biyu - ilminsa.

TC dokokin

Fasaha Dokokin, yabo daga wanda yake da dalilin Accession ga CU:

- National approvals kayayyakin.

- Certificate na Kwastan Union, bayar daidai da daftarin aiki, wanda ya samar da wani jerin kayayyakin batun m maganganun kima. Wannan takardar shaidar shi ne inganci a duk ƙasashe na TC.

- The girma kudi na waje dabam dabam da kuma juna TC cinikayya. Common Kwastan Code ke kula da Eurasian hukumar tattalin arzikin da Department of Statistics.

Tattalin arziki da kungiyoyin kwadago sau da yawa nema shigo da fitarwa kawai ne ga waɗanda dukiya wadda suna da amfani a wani musamman tattalin arziki yankin. Wani misali na wannan shi ne abin hawa. Kawai kayayyakin da cewa cancanci a matsayin "kayan hawa" iya yardar kaina shigo / fitar dashi a cikin tsare ƙasa. A daidai da Mataki na ashirin da 4 daga cikin Kwastan Code, da dukiya saya irin wannan matsayi a cikin wadannan lokuta:

- kayayyakin samar a cikin CU kan iyakoki.

- Products, dukiya samar gida amfani da biyan kwastan aikinsu wajabta a cikin kwangila.

- kayayyakin da saduwa yanayin biyu: bayar da CU kan iyakoki don manufar gida amfani.

Products cewa ba hadu da sharudda na TC kaya a game da wanda ya ba da aka tuhuma da wani dacewa takardu don ƙayyade da manufa na dukiya abin hawa, dole ne sha da hanya da na kowa kwastan aikinsu a kwastam Union kan iyakoki.

Sauran Rasha tattalin arziki kwadago

- APEC. Tattalin arziki da hadin gwiwa (APEC) da aka kafa a shekarar 1989 kawo tare da kasashe na Asia-Pacific yankin. APEC ne forum ga} asashe 21. Manufar al'umma riga na dogon lokaci shi ne kafa kasuwanni ga kayayyakin da albarkatun kasa waje Turai. Masana sun yi imani da cewa AETS aka halitta a mayar da martani ga girma tattalin arzikin na arzikin masana'antu Japan, wanda yana da ikon ya mamaye Asia-Pacific yankin. Duk da haka, yana da muhimmanci yana kokarin Commonwealth da farko zuwa jihohin kunshe a shi, kamar yadda yana taimaka daidaita tattalin arziki da ayyukan tsakanin related kasashen.

- CIS. Hulda tsakanin wasu kasashe na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet a kan tushen da sarki daidaici dogara ne a kan yarjejeniyar da ta Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). A wannan lokacin, da CIS hada da wadannan kasashe: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Rasha, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan da kuma Ukraine. A yarjejeniyar da aka sa hannu a shekarar 1991.

- BRICS. BRICS kawo tare biyar manyan kunno kai tattalin arzikin wadannan kasashe: Brazil, Rasha, Indiya, Sin da kuma Afirka ta Kudu. Kafin hada a Afrika ta Kudu kungiya da ake kira da "BRICS." Dukan kasashe cewa wani bangare ne na, ne mai azumi-girma tattalin arziki, da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan yankin da kuma duniya canje-canje.

A karshen shekarar 2014, kasashen BRICS ɗaukar hoto mika ga biliyan 3 mutane, wakiltar 40% na yawan mutanen duniya.

The Commonwealth da aka kafa a 2006 a St. Petersburg forum na tattalin arziki ministocin Brazil, Rasha, Indiya da kuma China. A farkon taron da aka gudanar a 2009, a Yekaterinburg. A taro an tattauna batutuwan dake tarayya, na rance, muhalli da kuma lafiyar qasa.

A hanya, da Maastricht yarjejeniyar

Tattalin Arzikin Turai Union (EU) - tattalin arziki da siyasa Tarayya, kunsha na ashirin da bakwai Member Amirka da cewa suna da manufofi da dama yankunan. The EU da aka halitta a shekara ta 1993 tare da sanya hannu na yarjejeniya a kan Tarayyar Turai, wanda aka fiye kira a matsayin Maastricht yarjejeniyar. Duk da haka, wannan da aka riga da kafa Turai da dama kungiyoyin, wanda da gudummawar da ci gaban da EU.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na EU asali kunshi 12 Member States: Denmark, Jamus, Girka, Italiya, Luxembourg, Holland, Belgium, Portugal, Ireland, France, Spain da kuma Birtaniya. A shekara ta 1993, da European Council, taron a Copenhagen (Denmark), a tsare da sharudda ga Accession zuwa EU. Wadannan da bukatun, da aka sani da Copenhagen sharudda hada da irin kayan yau da kullum kamar yadda:

• barga dimokuradiyya mutane yancin da kuma bin doka da oda.
• aiki kasuwar m tattalin arzikin.
• yarda daga cikin wajibai da membobinsu, ciki har da EU dokar.

Ci gaban da EU bayan 1993

EU ya karu da sau 3 tun da aka kafa ta. A 1995 ya aka shiga ta 3 sabon mambobi: Austria, Finland da kuma Sweden. A 2004 ta zo a cikin EU na 10 sabon members, yafi daga tsohon Tarayyar kungiyar: Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia da kuma Slovenia. A shekara ta 2007, Romania da kuma Bulgaria, wanda bai saduwa da shigarwa sharudda a 2004 da aka shigar da kuma yarda da a cikin Union. A shekarar 2013 shi kara wa jerin ta Jihar Croatia.

Daya daga cikin manufofin EU - tattalin arziƙi da harkar kungiyar, wanda yakan haifar da halittar wani na kowa Turai kudin. International cinikayya a cikin iyakoki da na kowa kudin yanki zai ƙwarai taimako zuwa ga halittar guda kasuwar, cikakken tare da uniform farashin da tsari na kasa da kasuwanni. Samar da wata guda kasuwar ne iya ta da karin gasar a tsakanin alkuki kayayyakin da yin shi sauki ga kamfanonin da kudi, musamman, kasa da kasa cinikayya tsakanin mambobin guda kudin yankin. A karshe, a cikin dogon lokaci zuwa kafa na kowa cinikayya da monetary sarari kamata rage wuya Turai kamfanoni tsarin domin shiri na duk normative doka ayyukan da kama.

Tarayyar Turai

Tattalin arziki da kungiyoyin kwadago sau da yawa kafa da burin ya gama da tattalin arziki na kasashen a cikin su. Mafi kyau duka iko da tattalin arziki da aiki a daya kudin zone iya samu ta hanyar bullo da guda kudin. Wannan haduwa zai haifar da mafi girma uniformity daga cikin daban-daban na kasa tattalin arziki. A yanayi kafa domin gabatarwar da Yuro da halittar guda kudin:

1. A tabbatarwa da duniya musayar rates a cikin wani qaddara range (musayar kudi inji, ko ERM) ga akalla shekara biyu kafin gabatarwar Yuro.
2. Rike dogon lokacin da sha'awa rates.
3. Sarrafa jama'a bashi a cikin wajabta haddi.
4. Maintenance na janar gwamnati bashi a ba fiye da 60% na} asashensu.

EU ta tsarin

Turai tattalin arziki kungiyar hada 4 administrative jiki, wanda magance musamman yankunan tattalin arziki da siyasa aiki.

1. The majalisar ministocin kasar. Yawancin lokaci shi kunshi wakilan da ma'aikatun harkokin waje na EU kasashe mambobin kungiyar. Turai majalisar ministocin kasar da ke da karshe sai ka ce: a cikin dukan al'amura cewa ba su rufe gyarawa kwangilar kafa a cikin EU ko da wanda ya riga kungiyoyi. A majalisar ministocin kasar ta amince da kwamitin lura da al'amurra, yayi bayani al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da dangantaka tsakanin ƙasashen EU a wadannan yankunan: shugabanci, da aikin noma, kamun kifi, masana'antu da manufofin da ciki kasuwar, bincike, makamashi, sufuri, da lafiyar qasa.

2. Turai Hukumar. Tattalin arziki da ƙungiyar na jihohi, kamar yadda mai mulkin, samar da gwani jikuna a magance kudi al'amurran da suka shafi. Kamar yadda irin wannan kungiyar na EU zartarwa, Turai Hukumar abubuwa. Yana neman su bauta bukatun da kasashen Turai a matsayin dukan a kan al'amurran da suka shafi na waje, dangantakar tattalin arziki, hada-hadar kudi, masana'antu da kuma noma da manufofin.

3. majalisar Turai. Yana hada wakilan EU kasashe mambobin kungiyar, wanda aka zabe su ta hanyar kai tsaye kuri'a, a} asashensu. Ko da yake shi hidima a matsayin wani forum domin tattaunawa da al'amurran da suka shafi na damuwa ga mutum Member Amirka da EU a matsayin dukan, majalisar Turai yana da wani ikon halitta ko aiwatar da ka'idojin da suka shafi na dokokin. Duk da haka, ya na da wasu iko a kan EU kasafin kudin da zai iya yin al'amura ga shawara da majalisar ministocin kasar, ko da Turai Hukumar.

4. Kotun. Duk wani tattalin arziki da kungiyoyin kwadago ya kamata a yi doka akai, da Tarayyar Turai shi ne ba togiya. Kotun kunshi 13 mahukunta da kuma shida da lauyoyi wakiltar EU Member Amirka. Its aiki ne ya fassara da dokokin sanya ta yanke shawara suna dauri ga EU memba gwamnatoci, da kamfanoni da mutane a cikin EU kasashe mambobin kungiyar.

International tattalin arziki kwadago

- WTO / GATT. Da muhimman hakkokin Dokokin 153 tsakanin kasashen Gaba Yarjejeniyar a kan tariffs da cinikayya (GATT). Akan rage tariffs, kawar da shingen, unbiased haraji da kwastan siyasa a dangane da juna - Waɗannan su ne main manufofin na yarjejeniya, wanda aka sanya hannu a shekarar 1947

- YUNKAD. The United Nations taron kan cinikayya da raya kasa - da wakilin jiki na babban taron majalisar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD), wanda ke hulda da al'amurran da suka shafi ci gaban tattalin arziki, cinikayya da zuba jari. Babban manufar kungiyar buga kanta ga} asashen dake tasowa a cikin hadewa da tattalin arziki na duniya kasuwar.

- NAFTA. The most North American free cinikayya zone tsakanin United States, Canada da kuma Mexico daga 1994

- ASEAN. Siyasa da tattalin arziki al'umma daga cikin kasashen na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda yanzu girma cikin sauri, wakilta Association of South-East Asia. A yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu a kan wadannan kasashe: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. ASEAN ta a raga ana nufin accelerating ci gaban tattalin arziki, kariya na kasa da bukatun, da zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. kunna ta shari'a jikinsu don warware rikice-rikice cikin lumana.