Alkadienes sune wakilan wakiltar hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes na dabara abin da ya bambanta a yawan hydrogen atoms ne hydrocarbons. Yi la'akari da bambancin fasali na kowanne ɗalibai, nau'in samfurin, samfurin halayyar.

Paraffins

Cikakken hydrocarbons da janar dabara C _n H _{2n + 2.} A cikin su, duk haɗin dake tsakanin hydrogen da carbon carbon suna daya. Idan an cire guda ɗaya a cikin motsi, an cire alkane zuwa wani abu mai aiki - mai radical. Maganin farko na wannan jerin sune abubuwa masu daɗaɗɗɗa wanda ke da sauƙi a cikin ruwa.

Kamar yadda adadin carbons a cikin babban sarkar yana ƙaruwa, rashin ƙarfi yana raguwa, kuma hydrocarbons shigar da wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi a cikin yanayin al'ada.

Daga cikin asali na kayyadadden kayan sunadarai a cikin wakilan wannan kundin, mun zaɓa canzawa. Dangane da gaskiyar cewa dukkan shaidu sune cikakke, adadin ƙarin alkanes ba shi da cikakke. Kamar sauran sauran kwayoyin halittu, alkanes sunyi maganin oxygen (konewa), sakamakon abin da aka fitar da makamashi. Wannan tsari shi ne ƙarshenmic, amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki mazauni da kuma masana'antu gabatarwa.

Cycloalkanes

Mahimmancin wannan aji shine bayyanar tsarin kwayoyin halitta. A general dabara na irin hydrocarbons ne daga cikin irin C _n H _2n. Ganin musamman tsarin da aji, suna da halin canzawa dauki a kan gefen sarkar, da kuma hydrogen Bugu da kari, wanda yana tare da lalata sake zagayowar.

Alkenes

A homologue jerin general dabara ethylene yana da siffar C _n H _{2n + 2.} Daga cikin siffofi masu rarraba na hydrocarbons (naphtthenes), mun bambanta kasancewar haɗin kai tsakanin haɗin ƙwayar carbon. An kafa p-bond saboda saukewa daga wasu nau'in p-orbital guda biyu daga alamar carbon carbon.

Halinsa ya ƙayyade ba kawai irin nau'in haɓakar carbon a cikin alkenes ba, har ma da halayen halayen hade da dukkanin wakilan wannan kungiya na mahadi. Matsayin da ya dace na rashin daidaituwa (biyu) zai kasance ado ga bromine.

Dangane da haɗuwa, an kulle nau'i biyu, haɗin halogen yana haɗe da alkene. Bugu da ƙari, da kayan ado na potassium permanganate kuma ya shafi wasu halayen halayen halayyar jerin jinsin homologue.

Daga cikin kaddarorin ethylene da homologues, dole ne a gano wasu nau'in haɓaka haɗuwa. A lokacin da ake samar da hydrogenating (hulɗa da hydrogen), nau'ikan alkane daidai. Hydration (da ruwa) da gidrogalogenirovanie (hydrogen halide kwayoyin) ci gaba daga unsaturated alkenes da Markovnikov mulki.

Dalilinsa ya kasance a hakika cewa haɗin biyu ya tsaga lokacin da aka haɗu da wani nau'i mai nau'in allen (matsayi na 1) na kwayoyin ruwa ko hydrogen halide. An hade shi da haɓakar hydrogenated (hydrogen cikakke) atomatik, kuma rukuni hydroxo ko halogen an hade shi zuwa haɓakar hydrogenate H.

Baya ga Bugu da kari, halayen polymerization suna halayyar ethylene da homologues. Wani babban nau'in polymer wanda ya ƙunshi raƙuman tsari guda ɗaya an samo shi daga ƙananan maɓallin farko. Ana yin amfani da sinadirai cikin masana'antun sinadarai don ƙirƙirar robobi na zamani.

Alkadiene

A farkon farawa, alkadienes - shi ne unsaturated hydrocarbons da ciwon janar dabara C _n H _{2n + 2.} Akwai wasu kamanni tsakanin wakilai na jerin jinsin homologue da alkenes. Tun alkadienes - shi ne unsaturated hydrocarbons, domin su ma halin da Bugu da kari dauki.

Bambanci shine cewa akwai shaidu guda biyu wanda ba a warware su ba a cikin dienes, sabili da haka, don kammala haɗin, an bugu da ruwa mai bromine, hydrogen, ruwa, hydrogen halide.

Wakilan da dama propadien kuma shigar da polymerization dauki. Products samu a lokacin wannan dauki da ake amfani wajen samar da roba roba, roba yi. Tun alkadienes - shi ne unsaturated abubuwa ingantaccen dauki ga su tabbatar da dalilin zai discoloration potassium permanganate da kuma bromine ruwa. Alkadiene, wanda jigidar homologue ta fara tare da mahaukaci, yana da ruwa ko rashin lafiya.

Daga cikin nauyin aikace-aikace na wakilan wannan jinsin, za mu fahimci samar da kayayyakin polymer.

Alkyny

A homologue jerin acetylene janar dabara ne C _n H _2n-2. Idan alkadienes abu ne wanda akwai shaidu guda biyu, to, don alkynes guda uku shine halayyar. Hanyoyin da ake samu a cikin wani nau'i guda uku na alkynes maras nauyi shine haɗuwa da wakilai na wannan aji tare da ginin ginin - amine hydroxide na azurfa (1). A sakamakon wannan hulɗar, an kafa gishiri-gel-acetylide.

Wakilan wannan jinsin homologue sune isomers interclass for alkadienes. Hakazalika ga alkenes, aladienes, duk alkynes shigar da haɓaka da halayen halogens, hydrogen, hydrogen halide, ruwa. Idan aka kara yawan adadin hydrogen zuwa kwayar acetylene, an kafa ethylene. A cikin yanayin da ake hulɗa da haɗari na hydrogen daga acetylene, ethan (kyakkyawan hydrocarbon) an kafa shi.

Kammalawa

Alkines, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, waɗanda aka tattauna su a sama, a fili suna nuna manyan kamance da bambance-bambance a tsakanin daban-daban na abubuwa. All hydrocarbons a cikin abun da ke ciki suna da carbon da hydrogen mahaifa, don haka su ne mai kyau man fetur.