Sarauta Markovnikov VV ainihi da misalai

A sinadaran halayen a wurin lalata biyu bond a alkenes da alkynes a cikin sau uku zai iya shiga daban-daban barbashi. Mene ne batun da dokoki na wannan tsari? Na yi nazarin halayyar asymmetrical homologues ethylene kuma a gidrogalogenirovanii hydration Rasha masanin kimiyya VV Markovnikov. Ya samu cewa da dauki inji na kwarara dogara kan yadda yawan hydrogen da carbon da alaka da wata biyu bond. A cikin jarrabawa sa a gaba ta hanyar wani masanin kimiyya, ya tabbatar bayan da binciken a cikin filin na atomic tsarin. Markovnikov ta mulki ya ya ba da dalilin halittar wani ka'idar kimiyya da m aikace-aikace. Yana ba ka damar da nagarta sosai shirya samar da polymers, lubricants, alcohols.

Markovnikov ta sarautar

Rasha masanin kimiyya a cikin aiki kishin yawa lokaci zuwa binciken na asymmetric reagents da aka makala inji to unsaturated hydrocarbons. A cikin labarin, da aka buga a Jamus a shekara ta 1870, VV Markovnikov kusantar da hankalin da kimiyya al'umma a kan selectivity na hulda da hydrogen halides da carbon atoms located a biyu bond a unsymmetrical alkenes. Rasha bincike kawo sunayensu data shi dogara ne a kan kwarewa a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. Markovnikov rubuta cewa halogen dole shiga zuwa carbon zarra wanda yana da karami yawan na hydrogen atoms. Mafi m kimiyya ayyukan samu a farkon XX karni. Ya samarwa da jarrabawa na inji na hulda da ake kira "mulki na Markovnikov."

Rayuwa da kuma aiki da masanin kimiyyar-organics

Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov aka haife 25 (13 bisa ga labarin. Style) a Disamba 1837. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Kazan, da kuma daga baya sanar a wannan makaranta da kuma Jami'ar Moscow. Markovnikov karatu da hali na unsaturated hydrocarbons da dauki tare da hydrogen halides tun 1864. Up har 1899, wasu kasashen, da masana kimiyya ba su dora muhimmanci kan binciken na da Rasha sunadarai. Markovnikov, fãce mulki, da sunan a masa mutunci, sanya da dama sauran binciken:

• Na samu cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid.
• Na bincika da man fetur na Caucasus da kuma bude shi Organic abubuwa na musamman abun da ke ciki - naphtha.
• Na kafa bambanci a cikin narkewa maki na mahadi da branched kuma mike sarkar.
• tabbatar da isomerism m acid.

Aikace-aikace masanin kimiyya da gudummawar muhimmanci ga ci gaban m sinadaran masana'antu da kuma kimiyya.

Jigon da jarrabawa sa a gaba ta hanyar Markovnikov

The masanin kimiyya ciyar da yawa shekaru nazarin reagent Bugu da kari halayen zuwa unsaturated hydrocarbons da daya biyu bond (alkenes). An lura da cewa idan a mahadi na hydrogen ba, to, shi ne ya aiko da carbon zarra, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi barbashi cewa jinsin. A anion ne a haɗe zuwa m carbon. Wannan shi ne da mulkin Markovnikov ta ainihi. Kimiyya baiwa hango ko hasashen da hali na barbashi, tsarin wanda a wancan lokaci ba sosai a fili. Bisa ga doka, ga ethylene hydrocarbon shiga fili kayan ciwon abun da ke ciki HX, a cikinsa X ne:

• halogen.
• OH.
• acid saura na sulfuric acid.
• wasu barbashi.

Modern sauti Markovnikov mulki ya bambanta daga masanin kimiyya formulations: a hydrogen zarra daga NH kwayoyin attachable alkene ne directed zuwa carbon biyu bond a cewa riga ya ƙunshi mafi hydrogen, kuma X ne barbashi ke da akalla hydrogenated zarra.

Ginshikai na abin da aka makala na electrophilic barbashi

Ka yi la'akari da iri sinadaran halayen a cikin abin da mulki ya shafi Markovnikov. misalai:

1. Bugu da kari dauki na hydrogen chloride zuwa propene. A lokacin da hulda tsakanin barbashi an hallaka biyu bond. Chlorine anion ne zuwa ga wani kasa hydrogenated carbon aka located a biyu bond. Hydrogen reacts tare da mafi yawan wadannan hydrogenated kwayoyin halitta. Kafa 2-chloro propane.
2. The ruwa kwayoyin hydroxyl Bugu da kari dauki na ta membobinsu zo zuwa kasa hydrogenated carbon. Hydrogen da aka kara wa mafi hydrogenated zarra a cikin biyu bond.

Akwai exemptions daga samarwa Markovnikov mulki a cikin wadanda halayen inda reactants ne alkenes, a cikin abin da carbon a biyu bond riga yana mai yawan korau kungiyoyin. Yana keɓance da partially electron yawa, wanda mafi yawa ana janyo hankalin zuwa gaskiya ma cajin hydrogen. Kada bi dokoki da kuma a cikin halayen faruwa m maimakon electrophilic inji (Harish sakamako). Wadannan ware ba detract daga isa yabo na dokoki samu shahararren Rasha kwayoyin sunadarai V. V. Markovnikovym.