Penett Grid shine mai sauƙin bayani ga matsalolin matsaloli

Penet lattice ya ba da shawara daga masanin kimiyyar Ingilishi Pennet don taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin matsalolin kwayoyin halitta. Idan ya zo da wani fasali, wanda ake nazarin, zaku iya gwada zane-zanen hoto ko lissafin zaɓuɓɓuka masu yiwuwa a cikin hankali. Amma idan ana nazarin abubuwa biyu ko fiye, waɗannan tsare-tsaren suna cike da bayanin ƙwarewa, kuma yana da wuya a tuna da dukan haɗuwa. A irin wannan yanayi, Grid Pennet wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci don daidaita matsalar.

Bisa ga ka'idodi da aka sani game da kwayoyin halittu, mun san cewa kowane alamaccen alama na kowane kwayar halitta an sanya shi cikin DNA. Shafin shafinsa, wanda ke da alhakin daya daga cikin irin wannan yanayin - gene. Tunda kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki yana da saitin guda biyu na chromosomes a tsakiya, to yana nuna cewa daya daga cikin jinsin yana da alamar mahaifa daya, amma yanzu yana cikin siffofin biyu. An kira su labaran. Sanin cewa a cikin jima'i haifuwa cell (gamete) qunshi wani sa na chromosomes, raba ta biyu, da kuma tunawa da yadda wadannan Kwayoyin suna kafa a cikin jiki, za mu fahimci cewa a cikin kowane irin jam cell kuskure daya ko sauran allele. Rubutun Penet ya rubuta dukkan nau'i-nau'i na kowane iyaye. An rubuta su a kan shi daga ɗaya daga cikin giciye kuma daga kowane gefen (yawanci hagu) - daga ɗayan. A cikin tantanin halitta na tsinkayyar shafi da layin, zamu sami haɗin jinsi na zuriya, wanda zai ƙayyade ainihin wannan ko wannan alama zai bayyana kanta.

Menene suke so?

Ka'idar gina waɗannan Tables yana da iri daya, amma a gaba ɗaya al'ada ne don rarrabe waɗannan abubuwa Irin Pennet gratings:

• A tsaye-a kwance;
• Ƙaranta.

A wannan yanayin, an gina mahimmanci na farko a hanyar da ta dace tare da ginshiƙai da layi, kuma na biyu shine rhombus tare da sunayen sunayen kayan iyaye na iyaye wanda aka rubuta tare da gefuna na gefe. Amfani da nau'i na biyu shine rare.

Aiwatar da aikace-aikace

Kamar yadda aka ambata, ana amfani da lalatin Penet don magance matsaloli. Hanya ne mai zane wanda yake ba ka damar lissafin zuriyar haifar ta kowane nau'i na halaye. Ka'idojin warware duk wani matsala ga kwayoyin halitta za a iya tsara shi kamar haka: mun ƙayyade yadda za a sanya kowace jinsin. Mun gano nauyin jinsin iyali (jigilar kwayoyin halitta), ƙayyade abin da za a iya samar da kwayoyin jima'i a kowane mahaifa. Mun shigar da bayanan cikin lattice Penet, mun sami dukkanin jinsi na zuriya. Za a iya amfani dasu don sanin yadda kowace kwayoyin za su duba.

Misali mai sauƙi: kwayoyin tsararru mai tsayi a cikin cats, mun nuna su ta G da g. Muna gicciye wani cat da baƙar fata da kuma kumbun gashi. Yawan da aka dade yana da ma'ana, wanda ke nufin cewa yana nunawa ne kawai a cikin jihar homozygous, wato, cat din kawai yana da kwayar gg. Amma cat zai iya zama ko Gg ko GG. Ba zamu iya cewa wannan daga waje (phenotype) ba, amma zamu iya cewa idan an haifi wannan kittens daga wani cat tare da dogon gashi, to, ma'anarta ita ce Gg. Bari ya kasance haka. Kuma a nan ne mafi sauki sassauci:

Mun sami cewa kashi 50% na kittens suna da dogon gashi, kamar uba. Kuma rabin ragowar su suna da gashi, amma suna ɗauke da kwayoyin da suka ji dadin tsoho, jinsinsu suna daidai da na mahaifiyar.