Alleles - wani bayani na Concepts, hanyoyin da hulda

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Genotype hada da wani m iri-iri kwayoyin halitta, wadda a nuna aikin kamar guda naúrar. The kafa halittar jini, Mendel, a cikin rubuce-rubucen, ya bayyana abin da ya same daya kawai damar mu'amala alleles - a lokacin da akwai cikakkar dominance (ruwan dare) na daya daga cikin alleles, yayin da na biyu da ya rage gaba daya recessive (m, watau ba da hannu a .. hulda). Duk da haka, da zarar mun ce cewa phenotypic magana kwayoyin halitta (external, m view) ba kawai ya dogara ne a kan daya ko biyu daga kwayoyin halittu domin shi ne saboda abin da hulda da dukan tsarin.

A gaskiya hulda sunadaran enzymes, amma ba kwayoyin halittu.

A kayyade sansanonin an bambanta kawai iri biyu gene hulda - na farko ya kunshi a cikin hulda da allelic kwayoyin halitta, a karo na biyu, da bi, ba-allelic. Kawai za a fahimci da kuma kayan gefen batun, saboda ba mu'amala da wani matsalolin daga cikin littafi, da kuma sunadarai da cewa suna hada a wani takamaiman shirin a cikin cytoplasm na sel, da kuma adadin wadannan sunadarai a cikin miliyoyin. A shirin da kanta, wanda za a hada da sunadaran da matsayin sakamako, za su ci gaba da kara hulda da yake a cikin kwayoyin halittu da cewa hidima waje dokokin kasancewa a cikin chromosomes na cell (da wasu gabbansa ultraskopcheskie Kwayoyin).

Abin da genes ake kira alleles?

Allelic genes - ne genes cewa zauna guda "wuri" (ko loci) a cikin chromosomes. Kowane mai rai kwayoyin yana da alleles a cikin biyu. The hulda da allelic genes na iya faruwa a hanyoyi da dama, wanda aka mai suna: kodominirovanie, superdominance, cikakken da kuma bai cika dominance.

Allelic genes mu'amala a kan tushen da cikakken dominance idan da rinjaye gene mataki gaba daya overrides recessive. Bai cika dominance dangantaka za a iya kira, a da a recessive gene aka mur ba cikakken da na'am, ko m, musharaka a cikin samuwar phenotypic halaye.

Kodominirovanie auku idan allelic genes exert dũkiyõyinsu da kansa daga juna. Zai yiwu mafi misali misali ne kodominirovaniya AB0 jini tsarin a cikinsa da kansa aiki duka biyu A da B da kwayoyin halittu.

Superdominance - shi ne don kara ingancin phenotypic manifestations na da rinjaye gene idan shi ne "a tare" da recessive. Wannan shi ne, idan daya allele ne 2 rinjaye kwayoyin halitta, da suka bayyana ya fi muni da rinjaye gene, located "a tare" da recessive.

mahara allelism

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, kowane halitta mai rai ya kasance ne kawai 2 allelic gene alleles amma zai iya zama da yawa fiye da biyu - wannan sabon abu ne ake kira mahara allelism. Just ce cewa nuna phenotypic dabiu iya zama daya kawai biyu daga alleles, wato, yayin da wasu aikin, wasu huta.

Kusan ko da yaushe homologue (m) allele alhakin ci gaba da kuma bayyana wannan alama, amma ya bambanta a cikin ingancin ta nuni. Har ila yau mahara allelism muhimmi a cikin siffofin daban-daban na gene hulda. Wannan shi ne, kuma kõ dã sun kasance alhakin wannan nuni, amma, da farko, nuna shi a hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma abu na biyu, ta hanyar da dama hanyoyin (full, m dominance, kuma haka a).

Zai ze, me ya sa wannan rikice? Yana da sauki - a wani ɗigon maniyyi cell masu rai mai iya kawai samun daya biyu daga homologue alleles, amma wanda dukkan data kasance, riga solves da harka. Yana da wannan da kuma cimma da canzawa daga jinsuna wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin halittu masu rai.