Ancient Greek gine: abubuwa da kuma siffofin

Ancient Greek gine da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan gine-gine na m shekaru daban-daban. Its asali Concepts da kuma falsafa har abada anchored a cikin hadisai na Turai. Mene ne ban sha'awa game da tsoho Greek gine? Domin tsarin, da akida, da na birane shiryawa da kuma halittar sinimomi an bayyana daga baya a cikin wannan labarin.

lokaci na ci gaban

Ancient Girka - wani tsoho wayewa, wanda kunshi yawa warwatse birni-jihohi. Yana maida hankali ne akan gabar yammacin Asiya Ƙananan, kudu da Balkan Larabawa, da Aegean tsibiran, kazalika da kudancin Italiya, Sicily da Black Sea yankin.

The gine na zamanin d Girka ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani yawa style da ya zama tushen a cikin gine na Renaissance. A tarihin ta ci gaba yawanci rarrabe dama, saukarwa.

• Homeric lokaci (tsakiyar XII - tsakiyar Sabunta karni BC ...) - sabon siffofin da kuma siffofin dogara ne a kan tsohon Mycenaean hadisai. Babban gine-gine sun gidaje da kuma na farko a ɗakin, Ya sanya daga lãka, Adobe da itace. Akwai farko yumbu sassa a cikin kayan ado.
• Tsaoho (Sabunta - V a farkon, 480 th KZ ....). Tare da samuwar manufofin, sabon jama'a gine-gine. Da haikalin da kuma yankin a gaban shi zama cibiyar birnin rayuwa. A yi na dutse aka yi amfani da mafi sau da yawa: farar ƙasa, marmara, terracotta cladding. Akwai daban-daban iri majami'u. Doric Marinjãyi.
• Classic (480 - 330 KZ ...) - yaxu. All iri umarni a Greek gine suna rayayye tasowa, da kuma ko da compositionally da alaka da juna. Akwai na farko sinimomi kuma music dakunan (odeyony), gidaje da porticoes. Kafa ka'idar tituna da kuma tubalan layout.
• Hellenism (330 - 180 KZ ...). Gina sinimomi kuma jama'a gine-gine. Girkanci style of gine ne complemented Gabas abubuwa. Mamaye ado, alatu da kuma opulence. Mafi sau da yawa amfani Corinthian domin.

A 180, Girka yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar na Roma. Empire lured wa babban birnin kasar ta saman masana kimiyya da kuma Masters art, aro daga Girkawa, wasu al'adu. Saboda haka, tsoho Greek kuma Roman gine da yawa kamance, kamar a gina gidaje, ko a cikin tsari da tsarin.

Falsafa gine

A wani bangare na rayuwa na zamanin d Helenawa nemi a cimma jituwa. Ideas game da shi ba m da msar tambayar. A zamanin tsohuwar Girka, jituwa da aka bayyana a matsayin mai hade da saurare shi ƙaddarãwa.

Suna amfani ga jikin mutum. Beauty ba kawai auna "ta ido", amma kankare Figures. Saboda haka, sculptor Polycleitus a cikin rubutun "The Canon" bayar bayyana sigogi ga manufa mace da namiji. Beauty ne kai tsaye da nasaba da jiki da kuma ruhaniya ko da kiwon lafiya da kuma mutuncin mutum.

Jikin mutum da aka daukarsa zane bayani wanda daidai shige da juna. Ancient Greek gine da kuma sassaka, bi da bi, ya nema ya maximally tabbatar Ganin cewa na jituwa.

Girma dabam da kuma siffofi dace da mutummutumai mas'ala ta "dama" jiki da kuma ta sigogi. View na sculptures yawanci karbe manufa mutumin: ibada, kiwon lafiya da kuma wasanni. The gine na anthropomorphism aka bayyana a cikin sunayen ayyuka (gwiwar hannu, hannunka) da kuma a cikin rabbai da aka samu daga cikin rabbai na adadi.

Human Taswirar ne shafi. Su tushe ko tushe gano tare da ƙafafunsu, gangar jikin - tare da wani akwati, babban birnin kasar - da kansa. A tsaye GROOVES, ko da sarewa a kan ginshikan da akwati ne tufafi folds.

Babban umarni na zamanin d Girkanci gine

Game da babban nasarori na aikin injiniya da tunani ba zai iya yin magana a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Complex kayayyaki da kuma mafita sa'an nan ba amfani. Haikalin lokaci za a iya kwatanta ta da megaliths, wanda da dama a kan wani dutse goyon bayan dutse masaƙa. The yawa na zamanin d Girkanci gine da kuma siffofin ne, a sama da dukan, a cikin ilmi da kuma ado.

Sanã'ar da kuma falsafar da gini taimaka wajen fassara da umurninsa ko post-da-katako tsari na abubuwa a wani salon da iri. Akwai uku na asali iri umarni a Greek gine:

• Doric.
• ionic.
• Corinthian.

Duk sun kowa sa na abubuwa, amma ya sãɓã, a su wuri, da kuma siffar ado. Saboda haka, a cikin Greek domin an shiga stereobate, stylobate entablature da cornice. Stereobate wakilta wani mataki a sama kafuwar tushe. Sa'an nan bi stilobat ko shafi.

Entablature aka ɗauke da kashi located a kan ginshikan. Ƙananan katako a kan wanda ya huta dukan entablature ake kira da architrave. Yana da aka located a frieze - ado yanki talakawan. The sama na entablature - eaves, ya loomed a kan sauran sassa.

Da farko Greek gine abubuwa ba su gauraya. Ionic entablature tafi kawai a kan ionic ginshikan, Corinthian - da Corinthian. Daya style - a kan wani aure da ginin. Bayan erection Iktinos Callicrates da Parthenon a V karni BC. e. Umarni fara Mix da kuma sa on saman juna. Wannan ya yi a wani tsari: da farko, da Doric, ionic sa'an nan, sa'an nan Koranti.

Doric domin

Doric da ionic Greek domin a gine su ne babban. Dorian tsarin da aka prevalent yafi a cikin babban yankin da ya gaji Mycenaean al'adu. An halin monumental kuma da ɗan amfani da tsauraran matakan. Bayyanar tushe nuna a kwantar da hankula girma da kuma brevity.

Doric shafi low. Bã su da wani tushe, da kuma gangar jikin karfi da kuma tapers sama. Abaca, babba iyakoki, yana da wani square siffar da ya ta'allaka a kan wani madauwari backwater (Ehin). Da sarewa, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ya ashirin. Architect Vitruvius idan aka kwatanta da ginshikan wannan tsari tare da wani mutum - karfi kuma ya kange.

Domin entablature ko da yaushe halarci architrave, frieze da cornice. Freese aka rabu da shiryayye, kuma architrave hada da triglyphs - elongated rectangles up tare da sarewa cewa madadin tare da metopes - dan kadan recessed square faranti da ko ba tare da sculptures daga gare su. Friezes wasu umarni da triglyphs da metopes.

A triglyphs pinned da farko m ayyuka. Da masu bincike bayar da shawarar cewa shi ya wakilci iyakar bim cewa kwanta a Wuri Mai Tsarki katangu. Ya tsananin lasafta sigogi da kuma goyon bayan da eaves da rafters. A wasu daga cikin tsofaffin gine-gine na sarari tsakanin iyakar triglyphs metopes ba cike da zama fanko.

ionic domin

Ionic domin tsarin da aka mika ga bakin tekun na Asiya, Attica, da kuma a kan tsibirin. Tasiri a kan shi ya Phenicia da Farisa ahemedinskaya. A m misali na wannan salon ya Haikalin Atamis a Afisa da Haikalin Hera a Samos.

Ionica hade da image na mata. Don domin an halin da ado, lightness da finesse. Its main alama shi ne babban birnin kasar, tsara a cikin wani nau'i na volute - symmetrically shirya curls. Abacus da echinus ado da sassaka.

Ionic ginshikan ne sirara kuma mafi siririn fiye da wani Doric. Its tushe huta a kan wani square farantin karfe kuma aka yi wa ado da convex da concave abubuwa da ornamental sabon. Wani lokaci tushe aka located a kan wani drum ado da sculptures. A nisa tsakanin ionic ginshikan daina, wanda qara lightness da kuma ladabi da ginin.

Entablature iya kunshi cikin architrave da cornice (Asia Ƙananan style) ko a sassa uku, kamar yadda a cikin Doric (ɗaki ƙarƙashin marufi style). Architrave kasu kashi fascia - kwance zana hotunan. Tsakanin shi da cornice yana da kananan cloves. Gutter a kan cornice richly yi wa ado da ado.

Corinthian domin

Corinthian yana da wuya a dauke su m, shi ne sau da yawa a tsare a matsayin bambancin da ionic. Akwai iri biyu, rahoton akan asalin wannan tsari. More mundane magana game da aron Masar style ginshikan, wanda aka yi wa ado da lotus ganye. A cewar wani ka'idar, da oda halitta da sculptor daga Koranti. Yana da aka yi wahayi zuwa da su gani da kwandon, a cikin abin da suka acanthus ganye.

Daga ionic shi ya bambanta da yafi tsawo da kuma ado manya, wanda aka yi wa ado da stylized acanthus ganye. Jeri biyu na ganye kera firam na sama na da'irar shafi. Jam'iyyun abaca concave da kuma ado da manyan da kananan karkace curls.

Corinthian cikakken kayan ado fiye da sauran Greek domin a gine. Na uku styles ya aka matsayin mafi marmari, m kuma na arziki. Ya tausayi da sophistication hade da image na wata yarinya, da kuma acanthus ganye kasance kamar curls. "Girlish" ana kiransa saboda wannan tsari.

tsoho haikalin

Haikali ya main kuma mafi muhimmanci gini na zamanin d Girka. Kamanninsa ya sauki, shi ne wata samfur don na zama square gidan. The gine na wani tsoho Greek haikali hankali ya zama mafi rikitarwa, kuma suna goyon bayan da sabon abubuwa kamar dai bai samu wani zagaye siffar. Yawanci irin wannan ya zama ruwan dare styles:

• distillate.
• prostyle.
• amphiprostyle.
• peripter.
• dipter.
• psevdodipter.
• Tholos.

Haikali a zamanin tsohuwar Girka ya ba windows. Waje ta kewaye shafi wanda aka sanya a kan wani gable rufin da bim. Ciki a wuri mai tsarki housed da mutum-mutumi na abin bautawa, ga wanda yake cikin Haikali ya sadaukar.

Wasu gine-gine da za a iya sanya karamin miya dakin - pronaos. A raya da manyan haikalin da aka located daya more dakin. Yana kiyaye abubuwan taimako na mazauna, mãsu alfarma aiwatarwa da kuma birnin taskar.

A farko da irin coci - distillate - kunshi Wuri Mai Tsarki, da gaban da loggia wanda na kewaye da garun da Antes. A loge housed biyu ginshikan. Tare da kara wuya daga cikin yawan ginshikan styles karu. A cikin hudu prostyle a amphiprostyle - hudu a kan mayar da gaban facade.

A cikin haikalin, peripetrah suka kewaye ginin a kan dukkan bangarorin. Idan ginshikan aka shirya kewayen kewaye a jeri biyu, wannan style dipter. A karshen style, Tolosa ma shawara ginshikan yanayi, amma kewaye da wani cylindrical siffar. A lokacin da Roman Empire samo asali a cikin wani tholos irin shiri "Rotunda".

na'urar manufofin

Greek birni-jihohin da aka gina mafi yawa a cikin seaside. Sun samo asali a cikin ciniki mulkin demokra] iyya. A jama'a da rayuwar siyasa na birni samu halartar duk Majiɓincinsu Tabbatacce mazaunan. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa gine na zamanin d Girka da aka tasowa ba kawai a cikin shugabanci na wuraren ibada, amma kuma a cikin jama'a gine-gine.

A na sama na birnin shi ne acropolis. Matsayin mai mulkin, shi ne a kan wani tsauni, kuma aka kyau da garu don ci gaba da abokan gaba a cikin wani mamaki harin. Its located a cikin haikalin gumakan wanda kare birnin.

Lower tsakiyar birnin ya zuwa yanzu - bude kasuwar yankin inda da waya cinikayya, don warware muhimmanci zamantakewa da siyasa al'amurran da suka shafi. Yana housed da makaranta, da ginin da majalisar dattawan, Basil, da gina don banquets da kuma tarurruka, kazalika da Ibada. Tare da kewaye na zuwa yanzu shi ne wani lokacin sa mutummutumai.

Daga farkon, da tsoho Greek gine da aka zaci cewa, da gine-gine suna located a cikin manufofin samuwa. Su jeri dogara a kan na gida ƙasa. A V karni BC Hippodamus da za'ayi wani juyin juya halin da a birane shiryawa. Ya miƙa bayyananne raga na tituna tsarin da ya rabu da tubalan cikin rectangles ko murabba'ai.

All gine-gine da kuma wuraren, ciki har da wani zuwa yanzu, located ciki Kwayoyin kwata, ba fafitikar fita daga cikin jimlar kudi. Wannan layout sa shi sauki don kammala aikin gina sababbin sassan na siyasa, ba tare da compromising da mutunci da jituwa. Bisa ga aikin da aka gina Hippodamus Militas, Cnidus, Asus, da sauransu. D. Amma Athens, misali, ta zauna a haihuwa "m" form.

bariki

Gidaje a Ancient Girka sun daban-daban dangane da shekaru da kuma samun kudin shiga na Runduna. Gane da dama na asali iri gidãje:

• Megaron.
• apsidal.
• pastadny.
• peristyle.

Daya daga cikin farko iri gidãjensu - megaron. Yanã son ya zama samfur ga farko Ibada na Homeric zamanin. A gidan da wani rectangular siffar a karshen ɓangare na abin da yake an bude sararin samaniya tare da wani portico. Nassi okantovyvayut biyu ginshikan, kuma protruding bango. Ciki, akwai daya kawai daki mai hearth a tsakiyar da kuma wani rami a rufin hayaki.

Apsidal gidan da aka gina kuma a farkon lokaci. Shi ne mai murabba'i mai dari da taso baki rabo, da ake kira da apse. Daga baya, akwai pastadnye peristyle da kuma iri na gine-gine. External ganuwar a gare su sun kasance kurmã, da layout na gine-gine - rufe.

Pastada wani nassi a cikin ciki na kotu. A saman da aka rufe da goyan bayan da katako, da ginshiƙai. A IV karni BC ta zama mashahuri peristyle. Yana rike da tsohon layout, amma pastadny nassi aka maye gurbinsu rufe ginshikan a kewaye da baranda.

A gefe tituna sun kawai m ganuwar da gidaje. Ciki kuwa tsakar gida, a kusa da aka located duk gabatarwa na gidan. Windows yawanci ba a can, da haske Madogararsa shi kotu. Idan windows sa'an nan kuma suka sanya, a hawa na biyu. Ciki ado ya yawanci sauki ta'addi fara bayyana ne kawai a cikin Hellenistic shekaru.

A gidan da aka fili ya kasu kashi na mata (ginekeev) da kuma namiji (Andro) rabin. A cikin maza muna da baƙi da kuma shirya abinci. Samun a kan mata gefen shi ne kawai zai yiwu ta hanyar da shi. A kan wani ɓangare na Hynek ya ƙofar lambu. The gidaje na arziki housed a kitchen, sauna da kuma wani gidan burodi. Hawa na biyu ne yawanci wuce.

The gine na zamanin d Girkanci gidan wasan kwaikwayo

Wasan kwaikwayo na Ancient Girka da aka sõyayya ba kawai nisha al'amari, amma kuma addini. Ya fitowan ake dangantawa da sadaukarwa na Dionysus. A farko Theatrical wasanni da aka gudanar don girmama wannan bautãwa. Game da asalin addini ideas na zamanin d Girkanci wasan kwaikwayo gine reminiscent na wani m gaban bagaden da yake cikin orhestre.

A mataki, akwai idi, wasanni da kuma plays. A IV karni BC, suka daina yi alaka da addini. Matsayin ayyuka da kuma kula da productions tsunduma Archon. Babban matsayin da aka buga ta a kalla mutane uku, mata da aka buga da maza. Drama aka buga a wata gasar inda kasida kai jũya gabatar da aikin.

Ƙaddarãwar farko sinimomi ya sauki. A cikin cibiyar ya orhestra - zagaye ƙasa, wanda housed da mawaka. Bayan shi akwai masallaci a cikin abin da ado 'yan wasan kwaikwayo (Skene). Masu sauraro (Theatron) ya na babba size da aka ayi a kan wani tudu, wani rabin zoɓe skirting da scene.

All sinimomi da aka sanya kai tsaye a karkashin bude sararin sama. Da farko, sun kasance wucin gadi. A kowane hutu katako dandamali da aka gina, sãbuwa. A V karni BC kujeru ga yan kallo suka fara sassaka a dutse dama a kan dutse. Saboda haka shi halitta daidai da na halitta mazurari, da inganta kyau acoustics. Don bunkasa sauti rawa musamman tasoshin sanya kusa da kallo.

Tare da ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mataki yi wahala. Its gaban part kunshi ginshikan da gaban facade kamantuwa da Ibada. A tarnaƙi ne lebur - paraskenii. Suka kiyaye shimfidar wuri da kuma mataki kayan aiki. A Athens, da most wasan kwaikwayo shi ne wasan kwaikwayo na Dionysus.

acropolis na Athens

Wasu wuraren tarihi na Girkanci suna iya gani a yanzu. Ɗaya daga cikin siffofin da suka fi dacewa da suka kasance har yau shine Acropolis na Athens. An located a Dutsen Pyrgos a tsawon mita 156. A nan ne gidan wasan kwaikwayon Dionysus, haikalin gunkin Athena Parthenon, Wuri Mai Tsarki na Zeus, Artemis, Niki da sauran gine-gine masu ginin.

Gidajen Athenian acropolis suna haɗuwa da haɗuwa da dukan tsari guda uku. Haɗin halayen alama alama ce ta Parthenon. An gina shi a cikin nau'i na Doric peripetra, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin salon na ionic.

A tsakiya, kewaye da ginshiƙai, wani mutum ne mai siffar Athena. An ba da wannan gagarumar muhimmiyar siyasa. Matsayinsa shi ne ya jaddada huldar da ke cikin birni, kuma abin da ya ƙunshi Parthenon shine ya girmama nasarar mulkin demokra] iyya a kan tsarin mulkin.

Kusa da aikin gina jiki na Pathenon shine Erechtheion. An kashe shi duka a cikin umarnin ionic. Ya bambanta da "maƙwabcinsa", yana raira yabo da kyau. An haikali haikalin ga gumaka guda biyu - Poseidon da Athena, kuma yana tsaye a wurin da, bisa ga labari, suna da gardama.

Dangane da yanayin taimako, layout na Erechtheion yana da asymmetric. Yana da wurare biyu - da cella da ƙofar biyu. A gefen kudancin haikalin akwai tashar hoto, wanda ba a tallafa shi da ginshiƙai ba, amma ta hanyar caryatids marble (siffofin mata).

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin rufin da aka gina Propylaea - ƙofar babbar, ginshiƙai da ginshiƙai kewaye da su, zuwa ga ɓangarorinsu ƙauyuka ne da kuma katanga. A kan tudu kuma akwai Arrreforion - gidan ga 'yan mata, saye kayan tufafin Athens.