American sociologist Samuel Huntington: biography, manyan ayyuka. karo na wayewar

Ilimin halayyar da Kimiyyar Siyasa a fili ba ya kasance a cikin category na daidai kimiyyar. Sun kasance wuya a samu matsayi da cewa suna da matsayi na indisputable gaskiya. The muhawara mafi daraja masana kimiyya da specialization ze m da kuma sake daga hakikanin rai, wato "karamin mutumin." Amma akwai wani ka'idar, wanda aka kafa a kan tushen da kasashen waje da kuma cikin gida manufofin mutum kasashen da duniya kasa da kasa. Wannan ne ya sa suke dacewa. Samuel Huntington - mawallafan Amirka, sociologist da kuma kimiyyar siyasa - marubucin mai yawan theories. Littattafan sau da yawa dauke da tunani cewa jũna ma m a farko, sa'an nan kuma samar da wani haƙiƙa sharhin a kan abin da ke faruwa.

Shimfiɗar jariri, da kuma samartaka

An haife shi a New York a cikin bazara na shekara ta 1927, da iyali da suke da alaka da wallafe-wallafen ayyukan. Mahaifinsa - Richard Thomas Huntington - ya 'yar jarida, uwa - Dorothy Sanborn Phillips - marubuci, kuma masu juna biyu kakan - Dzhon Fillips - da aka sani m. Akwai hanyoyi da wani sana'a hade da ilimi aiki alama don haka halitta. Semyuel Fillips Huntington shi ne ya cancanci gaje na iyali hadisin da rubutu a total na 17 littattafai da kuma a kan 90 kimiyya articles voluminous.

Standard ga iyalai da cewa matakin da wuraren ze da za a zaba domin Sam ilimi. A farko wannan College "brood" (Stuyvesant High School) a New York, sa'an nan a digiri na farko shakka a Yale (Yale University) a New Haven - a shekarar 1946, sa'an nan a majistare a fannin kimiyyar siyasa, a Jami'ar Chicago (1948) da kuma, a karshe, Harvard, inda Samuel Huntington a 1951 samu mataki na likita na falsafa da kuma fannin Kimiyyar siyasa.

Abin da ya m ne kawai sai da ya samu nasarar ƙware da manhaja na jami'o'i a wani da ya fi guntu lokaci fiye da saba. Tun shiga jami'a a Yale a shekaru 16, ya kammala karatunsa ba a cikin shekaru hudu, da kuma wani 2.5. A hutu a karatunsa wani gajere sabis a cikin US Army a shekarar 1946, kafin su shiga cikin magistracy.

Farfesa da Consultant

Bayan samun wani mataki, sai ya tafi aiki a matsayin malami a cikin alma Mathes - Harvard. Akwai ya yi aiki a yayyanke domin kusan rabin karni - har shekara ta 2007. Kawai daga 1959 zuwa 1962, sai ya ciyar da mataimakin darakta na Cibiyar yaki da zaman lafiya Rahoto a wani sanannen American University - Columbia.

Na yi a lokacin rayuwarsa a lokacin da ya ke kusa lamba tare da na yanzu high-matakin siyasa. A shekarar 1968, ya kasance mai ba da shawara a kan kasashen waje da manufofin a dan takarar shugaban kasa Hubert Humphrey, da kuma daga 1977 zuwa 1978, Samuel Huntington bauta a shugaban kasar Jimmy Carter ta gwamnati kamar yadda a hankali nufi ga shirin a majalisar tsaron kasa. Ya ra'ayi da aka hankalinsa ya saurari yawa shugabanni da sakatarorin na jihar, da kuma Genri Kissindzher da Zbignev Bzhezinsky Huntington dauke da wani sirri aboki.

copious marubuci

Duk lokacin da free daga koyarwa da kuma jama'a da ayyukan, ya kishin rubutu littattafai. Suna cike da wani bincike na cikin gida da kuma na yanzu kasashen waje da manufofin daga cikin manyan kasashe a duniya da kuma hasashen da na raya kasa na biyu na yanki da kuma duniya matakai. Asali na tunani, mai girma erudition kuma high mutuntakar sanã'anta shi girma da kuma girmama tsakanin abokan aiki. Nuni da wannan shi ne cewa manyan siyasa masana kimiyya da kuma sociologists Amurka zabe shi shugaban kasa na Amirka, Association of Kimiyyar Siyasa.

A shekarar 1979, ya kafa mujallar "Foreign Policy» (Foreign Policy), wanda ya zama daya daga cikin mafi daraja wallafe a fannin dangantakar kasa da kasa. Ya zauna haka a yau, da barin wani bimonthly, bugu ciki har da shekara-shekara "Globalisation Index" da "Rating mãsu hasãra gwamnatoci."

Littafi, ƙirƙirar sunan

A farko littafin, wanda Ya halitta Huntington suna a matsayin wani asali zurfin tunani da kuma m masanin, ya zama da aka buga a 1957 aikin "The Soja kuma jihar. Ka'idar da Siyasa na Civil-Soja Relations. " A da shi, ya yi tuhumar masu matsala da tasiri jama'a, farar hula iko a kan sojojin.

Huntington na nazarin halin kirki da kuma zamantakewa yanayin da jami'in kungiyar soja, ya yi karatu tarihi na soji da kwarewa da past - a duniya na farko - tun da XVII karni, sa'an nan wanda aka samu a cikin shakka daga m rikice-rikice a kan ƙasa na Amurka da kuma kasashen waje, inda ya aika da American Expeditionary Force. Littafin kuma ya nuna da nan siyasa halin da ake ciki a farkon Cold War. A ƙarshe na masanin kimiyya: tasiri iko a kan soja da jama'a ya kamata a dangane da} warewar, a kan cikakken karuwa da matsayi na mutanen da suka kebe rayuwa ga sabis a cikin sojojin.

Kamar sauran wallafe, wannan littafin sa mai zafin muhawara, amma nan da nan da dama na ideas sune tushen kasar gudana soja garambawul.

"Siyasa Order a Canza} ungiyoyin" (1968)

A cikin wannan binciken, ya American kimiyyar siyasa gudanar da wani cikakken bincike na zamantakewa da siyasa halin da ake ciki rinjaye a cikin duniya ta karshen daga cikin 60-ies na XX karni. An halin da, a cikin wasu abubuwa, fitowan da wata al'umma daga kasashe, mafi yawa daga lokacin mulkin mallaka, daga-daga-kula da metropolises kuma Yake zãɓi a hanyar ci gaba a kan backdrop na duniya akida adawa na tsarin, wanda shugaban ya Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya kai ga zargin da kalmar "Duniya ta Uku".

Wannan littafi da aka yanzu dauke da wani classic na kamanta siyasa. Kuma bayan an hõre mai tsanani zargi da uzuri na nan shahara tsakanin Yammacin siyasa masana kimiyya na zamani ka'idar. Huntington a cikin littafinsa buries wannan ka'idar, nuna ta a matsayin butulci ƙoƙari watsu kasashe masu tasowa a mulkin demokra] iyya ci gaba ta hanyar gabatarwa da m ra'ayoyi.

"Na uku Wave: demokradiya a cikin marigayi XX karni" (1991)

Mafi yawa daga cikin littafin daukan nazarin duniya yanayin da sinusoidal motsi aiwatar da kasashen mulkin demokra siffofin gwamnati. Bayan da dagawa da irin motsi (Huntington kidaya uku tãguwar ruwa: 1828-1926, 1943-1962, 1974-) ya ki karbar (1922-1942, 1958-1975).

American masanin kimiyya ra'ayi dogara ne a kan wadannan zaton:

• Demokradiya - shi ne mai duniya aiwatar da janar trends da kuma musamman lokuta.
• Democracy yana da hali na kai-da daraja da cewa ba shi da wani hadin nufi.
• A iri-iri siffofin na demokra] iyya domin.
• Demokradiya da ba ya kawo karshen a karshen XX karni, zai yiwu rollback wasu kasashe da farko na na gaba karni, 4th kalaman.

ka'idar wayewar

A littafin "The Clash of Civilizations" (1993) ya yi suna ga Huntington ta shahara a duk faɗin duniya, ya kira tare da wani musamman m shawara, zuwa ga US iyaka. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, a cikin zuwan XXI karni na kayyade duniya domin zai kasance da hulda da daban-daban al'adu da wayewar kafa ta a kowa da harshen da kuma rayuwa.

Bugu da kari a rayuwar yammaci, Huntington yana da takwas irin wannan tsarin: da Slavic-Orthodox, karkashin jagorancin Rasha, Japan, Buddha, Hindu, Latin American, Afirka, Sinskaya (Sin) da kuma wayewar Musulunci. Iyakokin wadannan tsarin kimiyyar da aka sanya rawar da babban Lines na gaba rikici.

Tashin hankalin a matsayin shaida a muhawara

Bayan saki bayan shekaru uku da littafin "The Clash of Civilizations da reorganization na duniya domin", marubucin ya tashe har ma mafi girma da tsanani da muhawara game da ka'idar. A masifu na Satumba 11, 2001, mutane da yawa, musamman Amirkawa, gani wani ƙarin tabbaci na ingancin wannan sanannen siyasa Analyst tsinkaya, da personification fara adawa da daban-daban kaya.

Duk da yake mutane da yawa siyasa masana kimiyya lãbãri game da mummunan hali zuwa ka'idar Huntington ta Amurka tsarar masana kimiyya, ta yi imani da cewa bayan harin, tare da Musulunci taken da ta share a fadin duniya, da "ka'idar wayewar" gaba daya dauka up ta Amurka hukuncin da'irori.

Happy iyali mutum

Man bayyana a cikin shafukan da ya littattafai, wani lokacin sosai karfi da kuma san yadda tsayin da kuma i kare ra'ayinsu a jama'a muhawara, Samuel Huntington a rayuwar yau da kullum ya sosai suna fadin da kuma daidaita. Ya rayu fiye da rabin karni, tare da matarsa, Nancy, ya tashe 'ya'ya biyu maza da hudu jikoki.

A karshe manyan aikin na masanin kimiyyar ga hasken a 2004. A cikin littafin "Wane ne Mun? The fuskanci kalubale ga Amurka ta National Identity", ya na nazarin asalin da kuma halaye na da wannan ra'ayi, kuma yayi kokarin hango ko hasashen abin da kalubale jiran shaidar dan kasa na Amirkawa a nan gaba.

A shekara ta 2007, Huntington aka tilasta gama ya professorship a Harvard a cikin tabarbarewar kiwon lafiya saboda rikitarwa da ciwon sukari mellitus. Ya yi aiki a kan tebur har rana ta ƙarshe, har karshen Disamba 2008 ya shige daga a garin Marta ta Vineyard, a Massachusetts.

A rayuwarsa a duniya batu da aka kafa, amma da muhawara generated da ya littattafai, a duniya, ba tafi da Fade ga mai dogon lokaci.