An misali na karbuwa daga mutane da dabbobi a duniya. Physiological karbuwa: Misalan

Grandiose sabuwar dabara na tunanin mutum ba su gushe ba mamaki, tunanin ba shi da wani iyaka. Amma gaskiyar cewa ga mutane da yawa ƙarni Ya halitta yanayi, ta fi gaban mafi m ra'ayoyi da kuma tsare-tsaren. Nature Ya halitta fiye da rabin miliyan jinsunan rai dabbobi, wanda kowannensu yana da mutum da kuma musamman a cikin tsari, da Physiology, karbuwa ga rayuwa. Misalan karbuwa daga kwayoyin da kullum canja rai yanayi a duniya - wadannan su ne misalai na hikimar mahalicci da akai tushen matsalolin don warware wata halitta.

Mene ne karbuwa?

Karbuwa nufin karbuwa ko habituation. Wannan tsari na sauka a hankali degeneration na physiological, morphological ko m abu ayyuka a cikin sauya yanayi. Sha canje-canje a matsayin raba mutane ko duka alƙarya.

A daukan hankali misali na karbuwa kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba - da rayuwa da Flora da fauna a ƙara radiation a kusa da nuclear nukiliya ikon shuka yankin. Nan da nan adaptability peculiar ga waɗanda mutane da suka gudanar a tsira, don amfani da su da kuma za a fara a ninka, wasu kasa da gwajin da aka kashe (kaikaitaccen karbuwa).

Tun da yanayin zama a duniya ne kullum canja, da matakai na ci gaba da karbuwa a cikin yanayi ne ma a ci gaba da aiwatar.

A sabo misali da karbuwa - canza mazauninsu Mexican mallaka na kore aku aratinga. Kwanan nan sun canza da yawan mazauninsu kuma zauna a bakin dutse da Masaya aman wuta, a wani yanayi da aka kullum tsomasu a tsanake cikin high yawa daga sulfur dioxide. Masana kimiyya sun ba tukuna bayar da wani bayani ba, game da wannan sabon abu.

iri karbuwa

Canza duk siffofin wanzuwar kwayoyin ne a aikin karbuwa. MISALI karbuwa a lokacin da canza yanayin take kaiwa zuwa juna adapting kwayoyin da juna, wakiltar wani correlative na'urar ko coadaptation.

The na'urar na iya zama m lokacin da aiki ko tsarin da batun daukar wuri ba tare da ya sa hannu, aiki ko lokacin da ya gangan canza su halaye don ta dace da yanayi (misalai na mutane adapting to wannan yanayi, ko kuma cikin al'umma). Akwai lokuta inda batu ya yi daidai da yanayi don shige da bukatun - shi ne wani haƙiƙa karbuwa.

Masana kimiyyar halitta raba iri karbuwa daga uku sharudda:

• Morphological.
• Physiological.
• Halayya ko m.

Misalan karbuwa daga dabbobi ko shuke-shuke da m rare, yawancin habituation ga sabon yanayi na faruwa a gauraye siffofin.

Morphological karbuwa: Misalan

Morphological canje-canje - shi ya faru a lokacin juyin halitta na jiki siffar canje-canje, mutum gabobin ko duka tsarin mai rai gabar.

Kasa ne morphological karbuwa, misalai na Flora da fauna, wanda muka dauki matsayin wani al'amari ba shakka sabon abu:

• Degeneration na ganye a cikin spines na cacti da sauran shuke-shuke na yankunan m.
• Tortoiseshell.
• Faired mazauna kududdufai jiki.

Physiological karbuwa: Misalan

Physiological karbuwa - wani canji a wani yawan sunadarai matakai faruwa a cikin jiki.

• Haskaka da karfi wari don jawo hankalin kwari na taimaka wa kura.
• Jihar na dakatar da tashin hankali, a cikin abin da suke iya shiga sauki kwayoyin, kyale su su kula da harshen damo a cikin shekaru masu yawa. A mafi tsufa ne iya haifa da kwayoyin yana da wani shekaru 250 da shekaru.
• A jari na subcutaneous mai, wanda aka tuba a cikin ruwa, da raƙuma.

Behavioral (m) karbuwa

Tare da m factor ne mafi related misalai na mutum karbuwa. Behavioral halaye peculiar Flora da fauna. Saboda haka, a cikin tsarin juyin halitta na canji a cikin zafin jiki yana sa wasu dabbobi hibernate, tsuntsaye - tashi kudu su koma a cikin bazara, da itatuwa - zubar da ganye da kuma rage gudu motsi na 'ya'yan itace. A ilhami a zabi mafi dacewa procreation aka kore ta hali na dabbobi a cikin ma'abota kakar. Wasu arewacin kwãɗi, da kunkuru ne gaba daya daskarewa a hunturu da kuma narke, zo da rai tare da farko na zafi.

Abubuwan da sa bukatar canji

Duk wani tsari da karbuwa - shi ne mai mayar da martani ga muhalli dalilai da kai ga muhalli canji. Wadannan dalilai ya kasu kashi biotic, abiotic da anthropogenic.

Biotic dalilai - rinjayar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a kan juna a lokacin da, misali, daya jinsin vuya, abin da hidima abinci zuwa wani.

Abiotic dalilai - canje-canje a cikin matattun yanayi, kamar yadda sauyin yanayi canje-canje, da abun da ke ciki na kasar gona, ruwa kasancewa, hasken rana aiki hawan keke. Physiological karbuwa misalai rinjayar abiotic dalilai - Equatorial kifi cewa iya numfashi cikin ruwa, kuma a kan ƙasar. Suna da kyau saba da yanayi, a lokacin da bushewa har na gudãna - wani m sabon abu.

Anthropogenic dalilai - da tasiri na mutum aiki da ya sauya wasiya da yanayi.

Adaptations da yanayi

• Za'a iya canza hasken. Tsire-tsire - mai raba kungiyar da suke da daban-daban bukatar hasken rana. A bude sarari da rayuwa photophilic heliophyte. A bambanci - stsiofity: shuka gandun daji thickets, jin da kyau a shaded yankunan. Daga cikin dabbobi akwai kuma mutane da physiological karbuwa da aka tsara don wani aiki salon da dare ko a karkashin kasa.
• Zazzabi. A kan talakawan, domin dukan abubuwa masu rai, ciki har da mutumin, da ganiya zazzabi kewayon da matsakaici da aka dauke su daga 0 ^zuwa 50 ° C. Duk da haka, rayuwa shi ne kusan a duk yanayin yankuna na Duniya.

Sabani misalai karbuwa mahaukaci yanayin zafi da aka bayyana a kasa.

Arctic kifi ba daskare up saboda da ci gaba a cikin jini musamman maganin daskarewa gina jiki, wanda ba ya daskare da jini.

A sauki kwayoyin samu a hydrothermal vents, da yawan zafin jiki wanda ya wuce tafasar digiri.

Shuka hydrophytes, Ina nufin masu rayuwa a ruwa, ko kusa da mutuwa har ma a low danshi hasãra. Xerophytes, a akasin haka, su aka saba da rayuwa a bushe yankuna, da kuma mutu a high zafi. Daga cikin dabbobi, da yanayi ma yi aiki a kan adapting to da mai ruwa-ruwa da kuma wadanda ba mai ruwa-ruwa yanayi.

mutum karbuwa

A mutum na ikon daidaita shi ne da gaske fuskantar. Asirin tunanin mutum ba cikakken bayyana, da kuma asirai na Na'urar damar mutane so dogon m topic for masana kimiyya. The magabaci na Homo sapiens kan wasu halittu masu rai - ikon sane canza halayensu ga bukatun na yanayi ko, a akasin haka, duniya shige da bukatun.

A sassauci 'yan adam hali bayyana kanta kullum. Idan ba a aiki: "Ka ba da misalai na mutane adapting" yawancin fara tuna da kwarai lokuta na rayuwa a matsananci yanayi. Wannan wuya ya faru, da kuma zamantakewa karbuwa ga sabon yanayi peculiar kansa da kansa mutum kullum. Mun kokarin a kan sabon yanayin da ake ciki a lokacin da haihuwa da haske, a kindergarten, a makaranta, a cikin tawagar, lokacin da ya koma wata kasa. Shi ne a jihar da tallafi na sabon majiyai aka kira danniya jiki. Danniya ne m factor, amma har yanzu a karkashin tasirin da take da canza yawa physiological ayyuka. A cikin akwati a lokacin da wani mutum ya karbi wani sabon matsakaici matsayin tabbatacce ga kanka, wani sabon jihar zama sananne kuma in ba haka ba danniya razana su zama doguwar kuma haifar da wani yawan tsanani cututtuka.

Sassan mutum karbuwa

Akwai iri uku ɗan adam karbuwa:

• Physiological. A sauki misalai - acclimatization da kuma karbuwa ga canza lokacin da zones ko kullum aiki. A cikin shakka daga juyin halitta sun kafa daban-daban na mutane, dangane da yankin zama. Arctic, mai tsayi, nahiyar, hamada, Equatorial iri muhimmanci daban-daban physiological sigogi.
• M karbuwa. Yana da wani mutum ikon sami lokacin da fahimtar da mutane daban-daban m iri, a kasar da a daban-daban matakin na haukan. Homo sapiens ayan su canza stereotypes ƙarƙashin rinjayar sabon bayani, musamman lokatai, danniya.
• Social karbuwa. Irin jaraba, wanda shi ne peculiar ga mutum.

All Na'urar iri suna a hankali alaka, yadda za a shuka, wani canji daga cikin saba haddasawa na zama a cikin adam bukatar zaman jama'a da kuma m karbuwa. Su rinjayi zo a cikin sakamako sunadaran da physiological canje-canje, wanda ake ma gyara ga sabon yanayi.

Wannan janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a da dukan jiki ta mayar da martani an kira karbuwa ciwo. New jiki halayen bayyana a mayar da martani ga zato canje-canje a cikin halin da ake ciki. A mataki na farko - ƙararrawa - akwai wani canji na physiological ayyuka, canje-canje a cikin metabolism da kuma tsarin. Next, gama da m ayyuka da kuma gabobin (ciki har da kwakwalwa), an fara zuwa kunsa da m aiki da kuma boye fasali. The uku mataki na karbuwa dogara da mutum: mutum ko kunshe a wani sabon rai da kuma zo zuwa al'ada (a magani a wannan lokaci dawo auku), ko jiki ba ya dauki da danniya, kuma sakamakon an riga shan wani mummunan mold.

A mamaki na jikin mutum

A yanayi na mutum aza wata babbar gefe, wanda aka yi amfani a rayuwar yau da kullum ne kawai a cikin wani karamin adadin. An bayyana a cikin matsananci yanayi, da kuma, ana riskarsa kamar wata mu'ujiza. A gaskiya ma, wani mu'ujiza muhimmi a kanmu. An misali da karbuwa: da ikon mutane daidaita da wa wata al'ada rayuwa bayan kau da babban ɓangare na kayan ciki.

Halitta m rigakafi cikin rayuwar iya karfafa mai yawan dalilai ko, a maimakon haka, za su iya raunana a daidai salon. Abin baƙin ciki, da kamu da wani ra'ayi da miyagun halaye - shi ne ma bambanci tsakanin mutum da sauran gabobin halittu.