Arnold Schoenberg: bayyane da kuma kerawa a taƙaice, hoto

Arnold Schoenberg, wanda aikinsa, dan takaice wanda zai iya zama mai ban mamaki, ya kasance mai ban sha'awa da rayuwa mai wadata. Ya shiga tarihin kiɗa na duniya a matsayin mai juyi, wanda ya canza rikici, ya gina makarantarsa a cikin kiɗa, ya bar kyauta mai ban sha'awa da kuma dukan galaxy na yara. Arnold Schoenberg yana daya daga cikin masu kirkiro mafi girma a karni na 20.

Yara da iyali

Satumba 13, 1874 a Vienna an haifi Arnold Schoenberg, wanda tarihinsa zai zama da wuya, amma a duk lokacin da aka haɗa da kiɗa. Gidan Schoenberg ya zauna a cikin Ghetto na Yahudawa. Uba - Samuel Schoenberg - ya fito ne daga Presburg, yana da kantin takalmin kansa. Mahaifiyarsa - Paulina Nachod dan ƙasar Prague ce, ta zama malamin piano. Arnold yana da ƙananan yara, babu abin da ya nuna girmansa a nan gaba.

Samun kiran

Tun da wuri, mahaifiyarsa ta fara koyar da Arnold music, ya ba da bege. Amma iyalin ba su da hanyar ci gaba da ilimi. Yana da kansa ya fahimci kimiyyar abun da ke ciki. Yawancin darussa game da batun da aka ba shi, dan uwansa, sanannen dan wasan Austrian kuma mai jagora, wanda 'yar'uwar Schoenberg Matilda ta auri - Alexander von Zemlinsky. Masu kide-kide suna da kyakkyawan sada zumunci, duk rayuwarsu sun kasance masu tunani kuma suna taimaka wa junansu da shawara, suna jayayya game da fasaha. Zemlinsky ne ya bukaci abokin aikinsa ya zama marubucin kiɗa. Mahalarcin Arnold Schoenberg, mai zuwa, tun yana matashi, ya san abin da yake kira, kuma duk da cewa yanayin bai kasance a cikin ni'imarsa ba, ya ba duk lokacin da ya dace ga kiɗa.

Ƙarshen aikin sana'a

Gidan ya rayu cikin talauci, kuma a lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu, Arnold ya kasance a wancan lokaci 15, ya zama da wuya. Yaron ya dauki wani aiki. Arnold Schoenberg ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda banki, mai sayarwa na sayayya, ya jagoranci daruruwan ma'aikata, ya rubuta kochestrations don operettas. Amma bai bar karatunsa tare da kiɗa ba, ya rubuta nasa ayyukansa a lokacin sa'a. Tuni a 1898 a Vienna, ayyukan Schoenberg sun fara aiki ne daga mataki. A shekarar 1901 sai ya bar Berlin, inda ya sami darussan kiɗa, a cikin kundin koli na kundin kisa.

A wannan lokacin ya sadu da Gustav Mahler, wanda ke da tasiri sosai a duniya na Schoenberg. A 1903 ya koma Vienna kuma ya fara aiki a makarantar kiɗa. A lokaci guda kuma yana kula da rubuce-rubucen kiɗa, a wannan lokacin an cigaba da shi a cikin al'adun makarantar Jamusanci na ƙarshen karni na 19. Aikin da ya fi muhimmanci a wannan mataki shine "Darkness Night", "Pelleas da Mélisande" (1902-1903), cantata "Songs of Gurre" (1900-1911). An lura da Arnold Schoenberg saboda babban ƙarfin aikinsa, a farkon tafiya da ya koya, ya rubuta waƙa, ya ba kide kide da wake-wake.

Tarihi da kiɗa

A cikin aikin mashahurin Schoenberg, sau uku sune: tonal (daga 1898 zuwa 1908), atonal (1909-1922) da dodecaphonic (tun 1923). Halittar mai yin kida tana haɗuwa da bincikensa don sabon hanyar da kuma sabon furci. Abinda ya haɗu yana da alaka ta farko tare da faɗar magana, a kan abin da ya biyo bayan bincikensa na juyin juya hali. Har zuwa 1907 Schoenberg ke motsawa a tashar gargajiya na kiɗa na gargajiya. Amma a wannan shekara akwai canji mai saurin gaske a cikin duniyarsa mai ban sha'awa, yana tunanin abubuwa da yawa game da kiɗa, ya rubuta aikin rubutu. Akwai damuwa da harshensa, mai sha'awar dissonance yana ƙaruwa, amma har yanzu jituwa na yau da kullum ya kiyaye.

Kuma a 1909 sabon zagaye na rayuwarsa fara. A shekara ta 1911, Arnold Schoenberg, wanda tarihinsa yake samun karfin rai a cikin duniyar kiɗa, ya sake tafiya Berlin, inda ya yi shekaru 4 yana jagorantar jagora. A wannan lokacin ya riga ya zama sanannen mai kiɗa a Turai. A shekara ta 1915, an rubuta mawallafin zuwa cikin sojojin har shekaru biyu. Wannan lokaci na zamani yana nuna rashin amincewa da cibiyar aikin tonal, Schoenberg yayi ƙoƙari yayi amfani da 12 sauti na sikelin chromatic. A shekarar 1923 ya sami lakabi na farfesa na kiɗa da gayyata don yin aiki a Makarantar Music na Berlin. Tare da karfin ikon Nazi a shekarar 1933 an sallami Schoenberg daga kotu, kuma shi, saboda tsoron tsanantawa a matsayin wakilin al'ummar Yahudawa, ya yi hijira. Da farko ya tafi Faransa, daga baya zuwa Amurka.

Hanya na uku na aikin mai kirki alama ta babban bincikensa. Ya fara farawa zuwa ƙungiyar da aka tsara ta jerin kayan wasan kwaikwayon, an kirkiro haɗin harsuna goma sha biyu waɗanda ba sa maimaita a jere guda ɗaya. Don haka akwai kiɗa dodecaphonic. A cikin aikin Shengberg, zamanin da yake cike da canje-canje, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi tunani da tunani, an nuna su sosai.

Ka'idar Music

Mai rikida ya koyi ƙoƙari ya sarrafa siffofin da kuma nuna ma'anar kiɗansa, wanda sau da yawa yakan zo ba tare da saninsa ba. Sabili da haka, duk abubuwan da suka shafi aikinsa da tunani sun nuna a cikin ayyukan kimiyya mai zurfi. A shekara ta 1911, Arnold Schoenberg ya rubuta aikinsa na farko mai ban mamaki, The Teaching of Harmony. Tuni a ciki ya bayyana ra'ayoyinsa game da jituwa na tonal, wanda shine ainihin rayuwarsa. Wannan littafi ne kawai aikin cikakken mai aiki. Daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya rubuta ayyuka da dama a lokaci guda, yana gyara su da kuma kara da su, ba a buga su ba a lokacin rayuwa.

Sai dai a cikin 1994 ne ayyukan suka hada dashi guda ɗaya, "Tsarin haɗin kai, kwarewa, kayan aiki, koyarwar tsari". Wadannan tunani game da tunani da tunani, a kan kayan aiki, a kan shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen a cikin maƙasudin ra'ayi da kan abun da ke ciki ba wanda ya rubuta shi ba, amma ya nuna jagorancin karatunsa. "Asalin abun da ke cikin kide-kide" an wallafa a ƙarshen karni na 20 daga ɗaliban masanan. Arnold Schoenberg ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ka'idar kiɗa, ya iya ganin juyin halitta na tunanin tunani kuma ya fara ci gabanta na shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa Schoenberg yana nunawa game da mutuncin aikin, ci gaba da tunanin tunani kuma ya zo da ra'ayin tsararren.

Pedagogical aiki

Mahaifin a cikin rayuwarsa ya kasance yana koyarwa - farko a makaranta, sa'an nan kuma a kotu a Berlin. A gudun hijira, ya yi aiki a jami'o'in Boston, Southern California, Los Angeles, koyar da ka'idar kiɗa da abun da ke ciki. Arnold Schoenberg ya kirkiro wani ɗaliban littafi, wanda ake kira "The New Viennese School". Ya gabatar da dalibai a cikin ruhu na yin waƙoƙin kiɗa, ba tare da shawararsa ya bi misalinsa ba, amma don neman hanyarsa kawai a cikin fasaha. Babban ɗalibai shi ne A. Berg da A. Webern, waɗanda suka kasance masu aminci ga ra'ayoyinsa har zuwa ƙarshen rana kuma suna girma kamar masu zama masu zaman kansu da suka dace da malamin su. Schoenberg ya jagoranci dukkanin batuttukan mikiya, yana mai da hankali sosai ga polyphony, wanda ya ɗauki tushen fasaha. Tare da ɗalibansa, mai rubutun ya ci gaba da sadarwa da kuma bayan da aka saki su, shi ma yana da iko mai ban mamaki. Wannan shi ne abin da ya ba shi izinin samar da dukan galaxy na mutane masu tunani.

Dodecaphony Arnold Schoenberg

Arnold Schoenberg, wanda zancen ɗan adam ya iya bayaninsa ta "kallon dodecaphony", ya zama masanin ilimin tauhidi da kuma yada sabbin jagora a cikin kiɗa. A cikin bincikensa na wasiƙa na kayan gargajiya mafi mahimmanci, mai rubutawa ya zo da ra'ayin tsarin tsarin fasahar 12-ton. Wannan bincike ya sa mai yin kida ya koyi yadda za a sake tsara waƙa, ya gwada shi da nau'i mai yawa, yana neman sababbin hanyoyi na hanyar sauti.

Ya gwada mahimmancin sababbin fasaha akan takardun piano, wanda ya rubuta sosai. Bayan haka ya ci gaba da ƙirƙirar manyan ayyuka (suites, quartet, orchestras) a cikin sabon salon. Binciken da ya samu ya rinjayi tasirin kiɗa a karni na 20. Da ra'ayoyinsa, wanda bai ƙaddamar da shi ba, mabiyan sun biyo baya, sun ci gaba, sun kammala, wani lokaci sun gaza. An ba da gudummawa ga musika a cikin sha'awar yin amfani da nau'ikan kiɗa.

Ayyuka na asali

Arnold Schoenberg ya bar babbar al'adar gargajiya. Amma aikinsa mafi mahimmanci shine wasan kwaikwayo marar ƙare "Musa da Haruna", ra'ayinsa ya bayyana a cikin karni na 20 na karni na 20 kuma ya haɗa dukkanin juyin halitta kuma ya nemo mawaki. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Schoenberg ya ƙunshi ra'ayinsa na ilimin falsafa, dukan ransa. Har ila yau, ga manyan ayyukan mai rubutawa: "Chamber Symphony", op. 9, wasan kwaikwayo "The Happy Hand", 5 piano pieces, op. 23, "The Ode zuwa Napoleon."

Rayuwar mutum

Arnold Schoenberg, wanda hotunansa zai iya gani a yau a duk litattafai akan tarihin kiɗa, ya kasance rayuwa mai wahala. Bugu da} ari ga wa] ansu ka] e, ya yi yawa da zane-zane, ana nuna ayyukansa a manyan manyan wuraren da ke Turai. Ya kasance abokantaka tare da Kokoshka, Kandinsky, wani memba ne na Jami'ar Prussian Academy of Arts. Domin rayuwarsa ya rubuta game da abubuwa 300.

Arnold Schoenberg ya yi aure tun da farko, saboda haka ya koma Protestantism a 1898. Matarsa ta yaudare shi, ta tafi ta ƙauna, amma sai ta koma gidan, kuma mai ƙauna ta kashe kanta. Matilda matarsa ta rasu a shekara ta 1923, wannan ya ƙare lokacin rikice-rikice na rayuwar sirri. Bayan shekara guda sai ya auri 'yar' yar violin kuma ya yi farin ciki tare da ita a sauran rayuwarsa. A 1933, ya yanke shawarar komawa addinin Yahudanci kuma ya wuce daidai da majami'a a birnin Paris.

Tsoron Arnold Schoenberg

Mai rubutun yana da babban ilimin hikimar ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafin ilmin lissafi. Duk rayuwarsa yana jin dadin shi ta hanyar tsoratar da tsoratarwa. Mene ne abin mamaki game da marubuci Arnold Schoenberg? Yana da wani phobia mai mahimmanci - yana tsoro da lamba 13. An haife shi wannan lambar, duk tsawon rayuwarsa ya kauce wa gidaje da ɗakin dakunan dakunan ajiya a ƙarƙashin irin wannan adadi. Don me menene Arnold Schoenberg ya ji tsoro a karshen? Figures? A'a, ba shakka, yana tsoron mutuwa. Ya tabbata cewa zai mutu a ranar 13th, cewa adadi na 76 - a cikin adadin 13 - zai kawo masa mutuwar. Shekarar shekara ta haihuwar haihuwar haihuwar shekara ta 76 ta zauna a cikin tsayin daka har zuwa rana daya ya tafi barci tare da tabbacin cewa yau mutuwa zata zo bayansa. Ya yi kwana duka a cikin gado, yana jiran sa'a daya. Da dare, matarsa ba ta iya tsayuwa da shi kuma ta hana shi ƙazanta kuma ta tashi daga gado. Amma minti 13 kafin tsakar dare sai ya furta kalmar "jituwa" kuma ya bar wannan duniya. Saboda haka, 13 ga watan Yuli, 1951 duniya rasa mai girma mawaki.