Bipolar Transistor: sauya sheka haihuwarka. A kewaye sharuddan sauyawa na bipolar transistor da na kowa emitter

Daya daga cikin uku-lantarki irin semiconductor na'urorin ne bipolar transistors. na kewaye dogara ko suna da watsin (rami ko electron) da kuma ayyuka.

rarrabuwa

Transistors kasu kashi kungiyoyin:

1. Bisa ga kayan: da aka fi amfani gallium arsenide da silicon.
2. Kamar yadda siginar mita: low (har zuwa 3 MHz), matsakaici (har zuwa 30 MHz), high (har zuwa 300 MHz), matsananci-high (sama da 300 MHz).
3. Domin iyakar ikon masha'a: up to 0.3 W, har zuwa 3 watts, fiye da 3W.
4. Bisa ga irin na'urar: uku da alaka da semiconductor Layer da alternately canza kai tsaye da kuma kishiya hanyoyin najasa madugu.

Ta yaya transistors?

A m da ciki yadudduka da transistor an haɗa ka da gubar wayoyin, bi da bi kira da emitter, tara da kuma tushe.

A emitter da kuma harajin ba daban-daban daga juna-daban na watsin, amma mataki na doping impurities na karshen ne da yawa m. Wannan tsiraru da tabbatar da karuwa a cikin canja fitarwa ƙarfin lantarki.

A tushe, wanda shi ne mai tsakiya Layer yana da babban juriya, kamar yadda Ya sanya daga wani semiconductor tare da mai rauni doping. Yana yana da babban lamba yankin tare da haraji, wanda inganta kau da zafi saboda baya nuna bambanci miƙa mulki, da kuma facilitates da nassi daga cikin 'yan tsirarun dako - electrons. Duk da cewa gwamnatin rikon kwarya yadudduka suna bisa wannan ka'ida, da transistor ne asymmetric na'urar. By canza wuraren matsananci yadudduka guda watsin ba zai iya karba da m sigogi na semiconductor na'urar.

Schematics na bipolar transistors ne iya ci gaba da shi a jihohin biyu: shi zai iya zama a bude ko rufe. A cikin aiki yanayin, a lokacin da transistor bude emitter biya diyya mika mulki da aka yi a cikin gaba shugabanci. Don kwatanta wannan la'akari da, misali, wata transistor na npn irin, ya kamata a kuzari daga tushen, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi a kasa.

Iyakar na biyu haraji maha? Ar lokacin da wannan ke rufe kuma a halin yanzu ya na gudana daga ƙarƙashinsu, ta hanyar shi ya kamata ba. Amma a yi, da gaban auku saboda kusa wuri na mi} a ga juna da kuma juna tasiri. Tun da emitter aka haɗa ta "debe" baturi bude mika mulki damar electrons gudãna daga cikin tushe zone, inda su ne m recombination tare da ramukan - babban dako. Kafa tushe na yanzu ina _b. A karfi shi ne, da proportionately mafi fitarwa halin yanzu. A wannan manufa aikin amplifiers amfani bipolar transistors.

Bayan da tushe ne kawai diffusive kai na electrons, domin babu mataki na lantarki filin. Saboda kadan Layer kauri (microns) da kuma babban girma da maida hankali dan tudu da barnatar da cajin gaɓũɓuwa, kusan dukkan su fada a cikin haraji yankin, ko da yake da tushe juriya ne isasshe manyan. Akwai su matsawa fa, tã lantarki filin, inganta su aiki kai. The tara da emitter igiyoyin ne ma daidai, idan ba negligible asarar cajin sa da recombination a gindi: Na _E = I _b + I _k.

A sigogi na transistors

1. The riba dalilai ga ƙarfin lantarki U _Eq / U _BE da kuma na yanzu: β = Ina _{da wani} / I _b (ainihin darajar). Yawanci, da coefficient β bai wuce 300, amma iya isa dabi'u na 800 da kuma sama.
2. Input impedance.
3. A mita martani - na transistor yi har zuwa wani qaddara mita sama da transients shi ba shi da lokaci zuwa canje-canje na amfani da sigina.

Bipolar Transistor: sauya sheka haihuwarka, aiki halaye

Operating halaye bambanta dangane da yadda za a kewaye da aka harhada. Signal dole ne a yi amfani da cire a maki biyu domin kowane hali, amma akwai kawai uku fil. Yana bi da cewa daya lantarki dole ne duka biyu su kasance a cikin shigar da fitarwa. Saboda haka hada da wani bipolar transistors. na kewaye: ON, œ da OK.

1. Tuki da OK

A kewaye sharuddan sauyawa na bipolar transistor da na kowa haraji: siginar da aka ciyar da su resistor R _L, wanda kuma ya hada da a tara kewaye. Irin wannan dangane da aka kira a matsayin wani na kowa-haraji.

Wannan wani zaɓi kawai Halicci halin yanzu riba. A amfani da emitter bin shi ne don samar da wani babban labari impedance (10-500 ohms), wanda damar dace tsara cascades.

2. Tuki da ON

A kewaye sharuddan sauyawa na bipolar transistor a kowa tushe: shigowa alama ta cikin C ₁ da kuma bayan karawa an cire a cikin fitarwa na tara kewaye, cikinsa da tushe lantarki da aka raba. A wannan yanayin, wani irin ƙarfin lantarki riba ne kama aiki tare da MA.

A hasara ne a kananan shigar impedance (30-100 ohms), da kuma kewaye da ON ake amfani da matsayin oscillator.

3. zane da MA

A da yawa embodiments, a lokacin da bipolar transistors ake amfani da shi, ya sauya sheka haihuwarka kagaggun sanya da na kowa emitter. Da wadata da irin ƙarfin lantarki da aka ciyar da ta wani kaya resistor R _L, da kuma wani emitter haɗa ta korau iyakacin duniya na wani waje da samar da lantarki.

AC sigina daga shigar m shiga cikin emitter da tushe wayoyin (V _a), kuma shi zama ya fi girma a girma (V _AZ) a cikin haraji kewaye. Ainihin kewaye abubuwa: a transistor, a resistor R _L da fitarwa na amfilifa kewaye da wani waje da samar da lantarki. Karin: capacitor C ₁ cewa ya hana nassi na kai tsaye halin yanzu a cikin abinci kewaye da shigar da sigina, da kuma wani resistor R _1, via wanda transistor yana buɗewa.

The tara ƙarfin lantarki na transistor kewaye da fitarwa na resistor R _L tare daidaita girma _{EMF: V CC = I C R L} + V AZ.

Saboda haka, V _a cikin kananan alama a shigar da ba ta da bambancin da DC ikon zuwa AC fitarwa inverter transistor gudanar. A makirci na samar da wani karuwa a shigar halin yanzu 20-100 sau, da irin ƙarfin lantarki - a 10-200 sau. Haka kuma, da ikon kuma qara.

Rashin makirci: a kananan shigar da juriya (500-1000 ohms). Saboda wannan dalili, akwai matsaloli a cikin samuwar karawa, saukarwa. The fitarwa juriya ne 2-20 ohms.

Wadannan zane-zanen nuna yadda bipolar transistor. Idan ba ka yi kara mataki a kan su yi za a ƙwarai shafi na waje tsoma, kamar zafi fiye da kima da kuma siginar mita. Har ila yau, emitter grounding halitta masu jituwa murdiya a fitarwa. Don inganta AMINCI, da kewaye ne alaka feedbacks, tace, da sauransu. N. A wannan yanayin da riba an rage, amma na'urar zama ya fi dacewa.

halaye na aiki

A transistor aiki rinjayar da darajar da alaka ƙarfin lantarki. All halaye za a iya nuna idan amfani da kewaye na bipolar transistor bayar a baya da na kowa emitter.

1. A yanke-kashe yanayin

Wannan yanayin da aka halitta a lõkacin da V _BE ƙarfin lantarki rage-rage zuwa 0.7 V. A wannan yanayin, da emitter maha? Ar ne rufaffiyar da kuma na yanzu tara ne ba ya nan, tun ba free electrons a gindi. Saboda haka, transistor tubalan.

2. Active Mode

Idan wani irin ƙarfin lantarki ne amfani da tushe abin da ya ishe su bude transistor, akwai kananan shigar halin yanzu da kuma wani ƙara fitarwa, dangane da girma da riba. Sai transistor zai yi aiki a matsayin amfilifa.

3. jikewa yanayin

Ya bambanta daga aiki yanayin haka cewa transistor ne cikakken buɗe, da kuma tara halin yanzu ya kai matsakaicin yiwu darajar. Its karuwa ba zai samu ba ta hanyar canza aiyuka electromotive karfi ko kaya a cikin fitarwa kewaye. Lokacin da canza tushe halin yanzu tara ne bai canja ba. jikewa gwamnatin halin da gaskiya cewa transistor ne sosai bude, da kuma a nan shi hidima a matsayin wani canji da aka kunna ta. Schematics na bipolar transistors ta hanyar hada da yanke-kashe da kuma jikewa halaye ba ka damar haifar da su lantarki keys.

All halaye na aiki ya dogara ne a kan yanayin da fitarwa halaye da aka nuna a cikin jadawali.

Suna iya nuna, idan an taru wayoyi zane na bipolar transistor da œ.

Idan ka sa a kan tsaye axis da a kwance segments wakiltar matsakaicin haraji halin yanzu da adadin da wadata irin ƙarfin lantarki V _CC, sa'an nan haɗi da iyakar zuwa juna, samun wani kaya line (ja). An bayyana da _{magana: I C = (V CC -} V AZ) / R C. Daga cikin adadi shi ya bi da cewa aiki batu wanda kayyade tara halin yanzu na _C da kuma irin ƙarfin lantarki V _AZ, za a muhallinsu tare da aza line daga kasa zuwa sama tare da kara tushe na yanzu na _B.

Zone V _AZ tsakanin axis da farko fitarwa halayyar (shaded) inda na _B = 0 characterizes cutoff yanayin. A wannan baya halin yanzu ina _C ne negligible da transistor aka rufe.

Marinjãya halayyar a cikin aya A intersects da layin kaya, bayan da, tare da kara karuwa _a tara halin yanzu na bai canza ba. Jikewa yanki a cikin jadawali ne shaded yankin tsakanin axis na _C da steepest halayyar.

Ta yaya transistor a daban-daban halaye?

A transistor aiki tare da m ko m sakonni kawota zuwa shigar da kewaye.

Bipolar Transistor: sauya sheka haihuwarka, ikon

Mafi yawa transistor hidima a matsayin amfilifa. A alternating shigar da alama sa wani canji a cikin fitarwa halin yanzu. Za ka iya amfani da makirci da OK ko da MA. A fitarwa kewaye ga alama bukata load. Yawanci amfani da resistor saka a cikin haraji fitarwa kewaye. Idan yadda ya kamata a zabi, da fitarwa ƙarfin lantarki darajar ne muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da labari.

amfilifa aiki da kyau kwatanta a cikin lokaci zane-zane.

Lokacin da tuba bugun jini sakonni, a yanayin ne guda a matsayin cewa ga sinusoidal. Quality tana mayar da su masu jituwa aka gyara ƙaddara da mita halaye na transistors.

Aiki a sauya sheka yanayin

Transistor sauya an tsara don ba lamba sharuddan sauyawa sadarwa a lantarki haihuwarka. A manufa ne stepwise canji a cikin juriya da transistor. Bipolar irin lafiya dace da bukatun na key na'urar.

ƙarshe

Semiconductor abubuwa amfani da lantarki ga tana mayar na'urar sakonni. M da kuma manyan rarrabuwa da damar fadi da yin amfani bipolar transistors. ya sauya sheka haihuwarka tantance su ayyuka da kuma halaye na aiki. Yawanci ya dangana a kan halaye.

Babban kewaye sauya sheka bipolar transistors fadada, maida da kuma samar da shigar da sakonni, da canjawa haihuwarka.