Broad-Leaved gandun daji: fasali, taimako, shuke-shuke da dabbobi

A sashi na deciduous gandun daji da aka located a kan ƙasa na Manchuria, Far East, a cikin temperate zone na Turai, gabashin kasar Sin, Arewacin Amirka. shi kuma rinjayar da kudancin ta Kudu da Amurka da kuma wasu sassa na Asiya ta tsakiya.

Broad-Leaved gandun daji ne ya fi kowa inda yake mulki a dumi temperate sauyin yanayi, da kuma da rabo daga zafin rana da kuma danshi - mafi kyau. Wannan na samar da kyakkyawan yanayi a lokacin da girma kakar. Sheet farantin karfe a girma itatuwa akwai m, Saboda haka sunan gandun daji. Abin da sauran siffofin sun nuna halitta yanki? Broad-Leaved gandun daji ne gida dabbobin da yawa, da abubuwa masu rarrafe, da tsuntsaye da kuma kwari.

halayyar siffofin

Musamman broadleaf gandun daji karya a gaskiyar cewa biyu jinsin tiers za a iya gano a cikin su. Daya daga cikinsu - da hakan, da sauran - m. Wadannan gandun daji shrubs, ciyawa tsiro samuwa a cikin uku tiers, ƙasa murfin aka wakilta lichens da kuma mosses.

Wani alama ne hasken tsarin mulki. A cikin wadannan gandun daji emit biyu haske iyakar. Da farko lura a cikin bazara, lokacin da itatuwa suna ba tukuna rufe da itãce. Na biyu - a fall lokacin da foliage thins. Summer haske shigar azzakari cikin farji ne kadan. Sama yanayin bayyana fasali na ciyawa murfin.

Ƙasa broadleaf gandun daji mai arziki a cikin kwayoyin da kuma ma'adinai mahadi. Su ne sakamakon bazuwar na shuka zuriyar dabbobi. Bishiyoyi deciduous gandun daji dauke da ash. Musamman mai yawa da shi a cikin ganye - game da biyar bisa dari. Ash, bi da bi, shi ne mai arziki a cikin alli (ashirin da cent na jimlar). A abun da ke ciki kuma ya hada da potassium (kamar biyu bisa dari) da kuma silicon (har zuwa uku da cent).

Bishiyoyi deciduous gandun daji

Scaffolding na irin wannan ne halin da mai arziki iri-iri na itace nau'in. Karshe za ka iya count game da dozin. Broad-Leaved gandun daji na taiga, misali, ba haka ba ne mai arziki a cikin wannan batun. Dalilin shi ne cewa cikin matsananci yanayi na taiga ba kamar yadda fasalin da girma da kuma ci gaban da Flora. Mutane da yawa m abun da ke ciki na kasar gona da kuma sauyin yanayi na itacen jinsunan ba zai tsira a karkashin m yanayi.

A kudancin yankin Tula ne sanannen gandun daji. Yanã bãyar da wani babban ra'ayin na abin da zai yi da m-Leaved gandun daji. A kasar gona daga wannan yanki ne m ga ci gaban da itatuwa kamar petiolate itatuwan oak, kananan-Leaved lemun tsami, aquifolium da kuma filin maples, kowa ash, Elm, Elm, daji apple da pear. Itatuwa da kuma ash mafi girma, bi aquifolium maples, elms kuma Linden. Magangara mafi ƙasƙanci - filin Maple, daji pear da apple itatuwa. Matsayin mai mulkin, da rinjaye matsayi ne shagaltar da itacen oak da sauran itatuwa aiki a matsayin tauraron dan adam.

Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki da muka ambata a sama wakilan dendroflora.

1. Oak. Wannan shi ne babban haske coniferous m-Leaved gandun daji a cikin Turai ƙasa. Turanci oak - daya daga cikin mafi dolgorastuschih da manyan itatuwa. An samu kan masu zaman kansu mãkirci a cikin guda landings. Tare da ikon jure pruning Oak iya samar da kyakkyawan tapeworms tare da mai siffar zobe, obovate, shatrovidnymi kambi siffar.
2. Elm. Bayar da m nau'in da ake samu a cikin gandun daji na ba-baki yankunan. Wadannan manyan itatuwa dokoki overriding bene coniferous da deciduous gandun daji. A baya can yadu amfani da gyara shimfidar wuri, amma a 'yan shekarun nan wannan Trend ya rage saboda da yaduwar cutar, a matsayin Dutch cuta na Elm.
3. Turai ash. A kai shuka talatin ko arba'in mita tsawo. Domin wannan itace ne halin da fairly mike akwati, da haushi shi ne haske launin toka (tare da lokaci da ta samun duhu), sako-sako da openwork kambi, miss mai yawa na hasken rana. A tushen tsarin yana da wani sosai m, mai iko, mai yawa buds da tsintsiya. The bayãnin hukuncin fasalin - high bukatar a abun da ke ciki na kasar gona. Turai ash ne mai babbar jinsunan waddan filin-m. Wannan zafi da photophilous shuka, spring frosts daukawa sharri. Flowering ash faruwa a May, da pollination tsari ne yake aikata da iska. maturation lokaci na 'ya'yan itace - Oktoba-Nuwamba. Suna fada ko hunturu, ko kuma farkon spring.
4. Beech Forest. Ci gaba da canja wurin da wanda bishiyoyi deciduous gandun daji, ba a ma maganar da shi. Yana kai arba'in mita high da kuma daya da rabi mita a diamita. Beech haushi shi ne haske launin toka, elliptical ganye. manyan wuraren rabarwa - yammacin Turai, da Caucasus, Crimea. Home darajar Beech gandun daji ne da 'ya'yan itace. Gina jiki kwayoyi nunarsa a watan Satumba-Oktoba. Sun yi kusan talatin cikin dari semidrying kunshi m man fetur, wannan adadin - na nitrogenous abubuwa. M 'ya'yan itace ne ma mai arziki a cikin sitaci, sugars, acid (citric kuma malic), tannins. Sha'awa, da guba alkaloid kira fagin o ƙarin decompose lokacin ƙõnuwa kwayoyi. Saboda haka shi ya zama cikakken hadari ga lafiyar dan adam. Daga 'ya'yan itãcen marmari a samar da kofi canza, a ƙasa form, suna kara zuwa na al'ada gari a cikin shirye-shiryen da gidan burodi kayayyakin. Beech itace da kyau da kuma m ado kayan.
5. Maple. Broad-Leaved gandun daji, located in Turai na Rasha da kuma Caucasus, an halin a matsayin m girma yanayi aquifolium (kowa) maples. Wadannan itatuwa girma har zuwa ashirin da mita ba ga tsawo. Da ganye ne babba, duhu kore, tare da biyar lobes. Haushi launi - launin toka. Harbe da kuma ganyen wannan itaciya an yadu amfani domin lura da daban-daban ailments. A waɗannan kyautai yanayi ƙunshi babban adadin ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannin. Decoctions da infusions yi wa raunuka, kumburi. Sun kuma nuna wani choleretic, diuretic, maganin antiseptik da analgesic sakamako. Mabiya ganye magani sani wanda itatuwa a deciduous gandun daji ne mafi amfani. Saboda haka, Maple ganye da kuma harbe suna shawarar for tasiri magani daga jaundice, koda duwatsu, ya rabu da mu tashin zuciya da kuma amai.

ganye

Shuka deciduous gandun daji ne halin da manyan da kuma m leaf faranti. Domin wannan dalili aka kira su shirokotraviem oak. Wasu ganye zo daga rai guda misali, sun taba samar da impenetrable thickets. Others, duk da haka, samar da wata irin magana rufe manyan yankunan. Irin wannan ganye ne marinjãya. Daga cikin su akwai ƙasa m, sedges kuma m Zelenchuk rawaya.

Mai herbaceous shuke-shuke da zama a cikin deciduous gandun daji, shi ne perennial. Sun rayu har zuwa dama shekaru da dama. Matsayin mai mulkin, su zama yana kiyaye ta vegetative yaduwa. Tsaba suka asali talauci. A halayyar alama na wadannan shuke-shuke - dogon karkashin kasa da kuma aboveground harbe, to girma cikin sauri a cikin daban-daban kwatance da kuma ne rayayye m sabuwar ƙasar.

A m sassa na yawan wakilan oakwood mutu baya a kaka. Overwinter kawai a cikin ƙasa da tushen da rhizomes. Sun shirya musamman buds daga wanda sabon harbe ake samar a spring.

A banda ga mulkin

Rare wakilan shirokotravya zama kore a cikin hunturu da kuma bazara. Wadannan shuke-shuke sun hada da: Asarum, Zelenchuk, m sedge.

shrubs

Kamar yadda na wadannan jinsunan Flora, su deciduous gandun daji hadu da wuya sosai. Suna kawai ba peculiar da Ashtarot, amma ba haka ba ne a kan coniferous gandun daji, inda bushes girma a ko'ina. A mafi yadu amfani blueberries, kuma cranberries.

"Hanzari da" faranta ephemeroids

Wadannan tsire-tsire ne ga masana nazarin Flora na gandun daji, mafi girma amfani. Daga gare su, karami celandine, buttercup Anemone, Corydalis daban-daban da kuma gagea. Wadannan shuke-shuke yawanci kananan cikin size, amma su ne masu tasowa sosai da sauri. Ephemeroids sauri da za a haife nan da nan bayan da bacewar na snow murfin. Wasu musamman kansa ilimi sakamako rostochku su hanya ko ta hanyar da dusar ƙanƙara. Bayan mako guda, a mafi biyu, su flower buds an riga blooming. A 'yan makonni daga baya ya zo da ripening' ya'yan itatuwa da tsaba. The shuke-shuke zaunar a ƙasa, ta fatsifatsi, sa'an nan cewa wani ɓangare daga gare su wanda aka located sama da ƙasa mutu. Bugu da ƙari, wannan tsari ya auku a farkon sosai na bazara lokaci, a lokacin da, kamar yadda kuma zai iya ze, da yanayi na ci gaba da kuma ci gaban da mafi m. Asiri shi ne mai sauki. A ephemeroids mallaki kari na rayuwa, daban-daban daga cikin irin graphics ci gaban sauran shuke-shuke. Su Bloom zuwa cikakken flower kawai a cikin bazara da kuma bazara a gare su - yana da lokaci lalace.

Mai kuyi ci gaban zamani - farkon spring. A wannan lokaci na shekara a cikin gandun daji akwai wani matsakaicin adadin haske, kamar yadda Bishiyoyi ba tukuna samu wani lokacin farin ciki kore murfin. Bugu da kari, a wannan lokaci da kasar gona ne tare da cikakken danshi optimally. Amma babban rani yanayin zafi, da ephemeroids shi ba ya bukatar. Duk wadannan tsire-tsire ne perennial. Ba su mutu bayan da m part ta kafe. Rayuwa karkashin kasa tushen gabatar tubers, kwararan fitila ko rhizomes. Wadannan jikin su ne da suke riƙe da gina jiki, yafi sitaci. Shi ya sa da tushe, ganye da furanni bayyana haka farkon da girma haka hanzari.

Ephemeroids ne na kowa a cikin deciduous oak gandun daji da tsire-tsire. Gaba daya akwai game da goma iri. Su furanni suna fentin a haske purple, blue, rawaya. A lokacin flowering ephemeroids samar da wani lokacin farin ciki kyau kafet.

mosses

Rasha m-Leaved gandun daji ne habitats na jinsuna daban na mosses. Ba kamar boreal gandun daji a cikin abin da wadannan shuke-shuke samar da wata m kore ƙasa cover a cikin itacen oak gansakuka tana tattare da ƙasa ba haka yadu. Rawar da mosses a broadleaf gandun daji ne quite suna fadin. Babban dalilin shi ne gaskiya cewa leaf zuriyar dabbobi na gandun daji broadleaf detrimental sakamako a kan wadannan shuke-shuke.

fauna

Animals Rasha m-Leaved gandun daji - shi ungulates, dabbobi masu cin nama, insectivores, hakori da jemagu. A mafi girma bambancin da aka lura a yankunan da ake ba ta shãfe mutum. Saboda haka, a cikin m-Leaved gandun daji, za ka iya ganin barewa, daji boar, fallow barewa, Sika da kuma ja barewa, Elk. Detachment na yara da aka wakilta Foxes, kerkẽci, marten, ermine da weasels. Broad-Leaved gandun daji, fauna wanda shi ne mai arziki da bambance bambancen, suna gida beavers, squirrels, muskrats da kuma nutria. Bugu da kari, wadannan yankunan suna sanaki mice, berayen, moles, hedgehogs, shrews, macizai, kadangaru da kuma fadama kunkuru.

Birds na deciduous gandun daji - larks, kananan tsuntsaye, warblers, tsuntsaye, flycatchers, tsattsewa, starlings. Akwai kuma gida ga hankakai, Rooks, takaddamarsu, woodpecker, crossbill, jackdaws, takaddamarsu. Tsuntsaye masu cin nama suna wakilta shaho, owls, owls, mujiya da lunyami. Marshes - gida shorebirds, cranes, herons, gulls, ducks da geese.

A baya, m-Leaved gandun daji da aka lugar da bison. Yanzu, da rashin alheri, shi ne 'yan dubun mutane. Wadannan dabbobi an kare doka. Suna zaune a cikin Bialowieza Forest (Belarus), a cikin Oka Reserve Terras (Rasha Federation), a wasu kasashe na yammacin Turai da kuma a Poland. Da dama dabbobi da aka hawa zuwa Caucasus. Akwai su ake hada da bison.

Yawan barewa ya kuma halartar wani canji. Suka zama da yawa kasa saboda jahilci ayyukan mutum. M deforestation da plowing filayen zama detrimental zuwa wadannan kyau dabbobi. Deer iya isa mita biyu tsawo da ɗari uku da arba'in da kilogram nauyi. Sun yawanci rayuwa a cikin kananan shanu na har zuwa goma dabbobi. Rinjaye a mafi yawan lokuta shi ne mace. Ta na zaune tare da ita, kuma ita da zũriyarta.

Kaka wani lokacin maza tara a irin harem. Reminiscent wani ƙaho su yi ruri da aka kwashe a kan uku zuwa hudu kilomita kusa. A mafi nasara barewa, lashe a fadace-fadace abokan adawarsa iya tara a kusa da shi zuwa ashirin mace. Kamar wancan kafa wani irin garken shanun. A farkon lokacin rani kakar, deer an haife matasa. Suna haife yin la'akari takwas zuwa goma sha kilo. Har zuwa watanni shida gani m girma. Yearling maza saya ƙahoni.

Barewa ci ciyawa, ganye da kuma mai tushe na itatuwa, fungi, lichens, Reed, masu ɗaci. Amma da allurar a cikin abinci ba shi da kyau a duk. A cikin daji deer rayuwa ga game da shekara goma sha biyar. A zaman talala, wannan adadi za a ninki biyu.

Beavers - ko da wasu mazauna deciduous gandun daji. A mafi sharadi gwargwado ga su akwai a Turai, North America da kuma Asia. Matsakaicin rubuta nauyi na wannan dabba - talatin kilo da kuma jiki tsawon - daya mita. Bobrov bambanta wani m jiki da kuma mĩƙe wutsiya. Webbing tsakanin yatsunsu na Hind kafafu don taimakawa ci gaba da ruwa salon. Fur launi na iya bambanta daga haske launin ruwan kasa a baki. Oiling ya gashi na musamman asiri, beavers kare daga samun rigar. Lokacin da masu niyyar baftisma cikin ruwa kunnuwan dabbobi kara da kafafen hancinsa rufe. Tattali iska amfani taimaka masa ya zauna a karkashin ruwa har zuwa minti goma sha biyar. Beavers fi son shirya a gaba na tabkuna da kuma oxbow tabkuna da kuma jinkirin qoramu koguna. Su suna janyo hankalin da m jihar bakin teku da kuma na cikin ruwa ciyayi. Beavers gidaje ne wani rami ko wani asali bukka, ƙofar da take ƙarƙashin ruwa surface. Dam yi a cikin wadannan dabbobi idan ruwa matakin ne m. Godiya ga wadannan wuraren da aka kayyade dake kwarara, barin shiga gidan daga ruwa. Peregryzanie rassan da ko da manyan itatuwa beavers ba sauƙi. Saboda haka, Aspen biyar zuwa bakwai santimita a diamita, mai saukin kamuwa zuwa wadannan dabbobi a minti biyu. Da suka fi so abinci - kara. Bugu da kari, su ne ba ƙi ci Iris, ruwa furannin bi-rana, Potbelly. Beavers rayuwa a cikin iyalai. Sun dabbobi ke a cikin search na wata biyu daga shekara ta uku ta rayuwa.

Wild aladu - daya more hankula mazaunan deciduous gandun daji. Suna da wata babbar shugaban da wani karfi dogon hancinsa. A mafi yawan iko makami na dabbobi - kaifi triangular hakora cewa sun himmantu sama da kuma na baya. Vision a Boars ba kyau sosai, amma wannan ne biya diyya kyau kwarai ji kuma wani Keen ji na wari. Manyan samfurori isa wani nauyi na ɗari uku da kilo. dabba ta jiki da aka kare bristles duhu launin ruwan kasa. Ta shi ne da karfi.

Boar - kyau kwarai gudu da kuma swimmers. Wadannan dabbobi shawo kan ikon yin iyo kandami, mai nisa na 'yan kilomita. Dalili na su rage cin abinci kunshi shuke-shuke, amma ba za mu iya ce cewa aladu omnivores. Da suka fi so abinci - acorns kuma Beech kwayoyi, da kuma ba za su ba har a kwaɗi, beraye, baby tsuntsaye, kwari da macizai.

wakilan masu rarrafe

Masu raunin juriya gandun daji zaune Adders, macizai, copperhead, veretennitsami, kore da kuma lizard. A hadarin da mutane wakiltar kawai viper. Mutane da yawa kuskure yi imani da cewa wannan guba copperhead, amma shi ba. A mafi yawa broadleaf gandun daji masu rarrafe - macizai.

taimako siffofin

Yankin daji da aka yi wa lakabi (da kuma gandun daji da aka haɗe) a cikin rukuni na Turai na Rasha ya zama tushen tarin tsibirinsa, wanda tushensa ya kasance a iyakokin yammacin kasar, kuma taron ya kasance a kan Ural Mountains. Tun da yake wannan yankin ba a taɓa rufe shi ba a lokacin da ake da shi a lokacin da ake da shi, sau da yawa shi ne mafita. Abubuwan da aka fi sani da kasancewar Glacier Valdai sun kiyaye su a arewacin yamma. A can akwai wurin gandun daji da kuma gandun daji da aka haɗaka da shi a cikin tuddai, tuddai, ruwaye da ruwaye. Yankin kudancin yankin da aka kwatanta yana wakiltar filayen firamare na biyu, wanda aka kafa saboda rashin karuwar a cikin wuraren da ke kan iyaka. Relief gauraye da broadleaf gandun daji halin gaban yashi na daban-daban size filayen. Tushensu shine ruwan sha. Suna da lalata, wani lokaci za ka iya samun dunes daskararra.

Gandun daji na Coniferous-deciduous na Fasahar Rasha

Wannan yanki yana cikin wuri mai zafi. Sauyin yanayin akwai m inganci, rigar. Ƙasar ƙasashen nan shine sod-podzolic. Halin kusa da Atlantic Ocean ya ƙaddara siffofin taimako. Cibiyar tarin ruwa a cikin gandun daji mai kwakwalwa ta haɓaka. Wuraren suna da yawa a yankin.

Ana gudanar da aikin tashin hankali ta wurin kusanci da ruwan karkashin kasa da kuma yanayin damp. Tsire-tsire masu rinjaye a cikin ganyayyaki suna da fuka-fukin ganye.

Kammalawa

Rashin gandun dajin da ke cikin Turai suna ƙira a matsayin halayen halittu masu haɗari. Amma har ma da ƙarni biyu ko uku da suka wuce sun kasance daya daga cikin mafi bambancin duniya kuma suka zauna a mafi yawan Turai. Saboda haka, a cikin karni na goma sha shida zuwa goma sha takwas sun mallaki yankin da ya dace da hekta miliyan daya. A yau ba su da fiye da kadari dubu dari.

A farkon karni na ashirin, kawai gutsutsiyoyi da suka wuce a cikin wani babban sutura mai fadi mai yaduwa bai kasance ba. A farkon wannan karni, an yi ƙoƙari su tsiro bishiyoyi a cikin yankunan da aka bari. Duk da haka, wannan ya zama abu mai rikitarwa: mutuwar bishiyoyi na itacen oak ne aka haifar da ruwan fari. A wannan lokacin ne aka gudanar da bincike, jagorantar mai suna Dokuchaev, mai mashahuriyar Rasha. A sakamakon haka, an gano cewa rashin nasarar shuka sabon bishiyoyi an hade da katako mai girma, saboda wannan har abada ya canza tsarin mulkin hydrological da yanayin yanayi.

A yau, a yankunan da shahararrun daji ke shafewa, ƙananan gandun daji na girma, da kuma shuke-shuke na artificial. Suna ci gaba a cikin bishiyoyi. Abin takaici, kamar yadda masanan suka lura, hanzarta da tsarin tsarin bishiyoyi na gandun daji na duniya ba su dace da sabuntawa ba.