Chloroplast - a kore cell organelle

Chloroplast - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin m kwayoyin halitta. Yana daukawa fitar da wani muhimmin tsari na planetary muhimmanci - photosynthesis.

A overall tsarin da shirin dvuhmembrannyh wasu gabbansa

Kowane organelle kunshi wani surface na'ura da ciki abun ciki. Chloroplast, da mitochondria ne Tsarin prokaryotic cell - kwayoyin da tsakiya. A surface daga cikinsu na'ura kunshi biyu membranes rabu da wani sarari. Spatially da anatomically su ba su da alaka da sauran tsarin sassa na sel kuma suna da hannu a samar da makamashi metabolism. Mitochondria ne da wasu gabbansa mafi jinsunan fungi, shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Kuma sunã bautã wa ga ATP kira - wani abu wanda yake shi ne irin makamashi ajiye Kwayoyin. Chloroplast - shi ma dvuhmembrannaya organelle, wanda nasa ne da rukuni na plastids.

A iri-iri na plastid

A cikin sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta akwai iri uku na plastids. Shi ne chloroplast, chromoplasts da leucoplasts. Suka sãɓã wa jũna a cikin launi, tsarin fasali da kuma ayyuka. Chloroplast - a plastid kore, dauke da chlorophyll pigment. Ko da yake shi ne sau da yawa saboda kasancewar wasu dyes, za su iya zama launin ruwan kasa, da kuma ja. Alal misali, a cikin daban-daban cell algae. Lokaci guda chromoplasts ko da yaushe colorless. Su main aiki - ne ajiya na gina jiki. Saboda haka, a cikin dankalin turawa, tubers dauke da sitaci. Chromoplasts - plastids ne da ciwon carotenoid pigments. Su ba launi zuwa sassa daban daban na shuka. Mai Launin tushen karas da beets, flower petals ne mai daukan hankali misali na wannan.

Plastids za a iya canja. Da farko sun tashi daga Kwayoyin ilimi nama wadda ne kananan vesicles kewaye da biyu membranes. A gaban makamashin hasken rana ana tuba a cikin chloroplast. Tare da tsufa, da ganye da kuma mai tushe na chlorophyll fara rushe. A sakamakon haka, kore plastids ya canza kama zuwa chromoplasts.

Bari mu ba 'yan more misalai. Kowane mutum na gan cewa a cikin kaka bar canji launi. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa chloroplast ya canza kama zuwa ja, rawaya, bardovye plastids. A wannan canji yakan faru a lokacin da 'ya'yan itace ripening. A cikin hasken da dankalin turawa tubers juya kore: a leucoplasts fara da nunawa chlorophyll. A karshe mataki na ci gaba da plastids ne chromoplasts kamar yadda ba su samar da sauran iri kama Tsarin.

Menene pigments?

Launi, aiki da tsarin da chloroplast saboda kasancewar wasu abubuwa - pigments. By halitta su ne hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi, kala daban-daban sassa na shuka. Chlorophylls sun fi na kowa daga gare su. An same su a cikin sel algae kuma mafi girma shuke-shuke. A yanayi, carotenoids ma sau da yawa samu. Aka sãme su a mafi yawan sanannun abubuwa masu rai. A musamman, duk tsire-tsire, wasu jinsunan kwayoyin, kwari, kifi da tsuntsaye. Bugu da kari, sun bayar da launi da daban-daban jikinsu, carotenoids ne babban gani pigments, samar da wani na gani da launi ji.

A tsarin da membrane

Shuka chloroplast da biyu membrane. Bugu da ƙari, mai santsi waje. A ciki siffofin excrescences. Suna directed cikin abun ciki na chloroplast, da ake kira stroma. Tun lokacin da ciki membrane daure Tsarin da musamman - thylakoids. Gani, su ne lebur odnomembrannye tanki. Su za a iya sanya singly ko taru a stacks na 5-20 guda. Suna da ake kira grana. Zubar a kan Tsarin thylakoid pigments. Babban wadanda ne chlorophylls da carotenoids yi a Tallafa rawa. Su zama dole ga photosynthesis. A stroma kuma ƙunshi kwayoyin na DNA da RNA, masara sitaci da ribosome.

The ayyuka na chloroplast

Babban aiki na kore plastids - kira na Organic abubuwa daga inorganic saboda da haske makamashi. Its samfurin ne a polysaccharide na glucose da oxygen. Ba tare da wannan gas numfashi motsa jiki na duk wanda ke cikin ƙasa da shi ba zai yiwu ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa photosynthesis ne vitally muhimmanci aiwatar da planetary muhimmanci.

A tsarin da chloroplast results a cikin sauran ayyuka. A cikin membrane na wani plastid auku ATP kira. A darajar wannan tsari ya ta'allaka ne a jari da kuma ajiya na wani adadin na makamashi. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin da ya faru na m muhalli yanayi: gaban isasshen ruwa, hasken rana na abinci. A lokacin hanya na da muhimmanci matakai na ATP da aka cleaved don saki wani adadin na makamashi. An cinye lokacin da ake aiwatar da girma, ci gaba, motsi, haifuwa, da kuma sauran m tafiyar matakai. chloroplast ayyuka ne ma a gaskiyar cewa a wasu daga cikin wadannan plastids an hada lipids, membrane sunadaran enzymes hannu a photosynthesis.

Ma'ana photosynthesis

Chloroplast - wata mahada tsakanin shuka da kuma muhalli. A sakamakon photosynthesis auku ba kawai samuwar oxygen, amma da sake zagayowar na carbon a cikin yanayi, hydrogen, rike wani m abun da ke ciki na yanayi. Wannan tsari ya takaita taro na carbon dioxide, haka ne hana greenhouse sakamako, zafi fiye da kima ta duniya surface, da kuma mutuwar masu rai a duniya. Plastids chloroplast, da wasu gabbansa da suke na sel gudanar da wani muhimmanci ayyuka, tabbatas da wanzuwar rayuwa a duniya.