Educational nama: aiki da kuma tsarin

Juyin Halitta daga Flora da fauna hankali ya haifar da wahala da su kungiyar. Saboda haka, yanzu jinsunan bambancin yana da haka mai girma cewa kawai ban mamaki. A kara wuya daga cikin ciki tsarin da aka nuna a cikin kowane juyin reshe.

Wannan shi ne musamman tasiri a kan shuke-shuke da cewa sun gudanar da fasalin kanta daga ƙananan nau'in karkashin ruwa zaunar a duniya mafi girma wakilan, da wani hadadden ciki da kuma na waje tsarin. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan da aka buga da ci gaban musamman Tsarin - da kyallen takarda cewa yin up da girma daga cikin dabbobin na mulkin.

Meristem: definition da ra'ayi

Total Akwai biyar main iri na tsokoki na shuka kwayoyin. Daga cikin su akwai wadannan:

• meristem, ilimi ko nama.
• to stock.
• conductive.
• inji;
• asali.

Kowace daga cikinsu yana da wani musamman tsarin, daban-daban -daban na Kwayoyin, kuma ya aikata aikin wani m aiki a cikin rai da shuka. Musamman hankali ya kamata a ilimi masana'anta, a gaskiya shi ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa kusan duk wasu, da kuma samar da babban rarrabe shuke-shuke daga wasu kwayoyin - Unlimited girma cikin rayuwar.

Idan ka ba mafi m nazarin halittu definition na da irin wannan masana'anta, shi zai sauti kamar wannan: ilimi masana'anta, ko meristem - a Generic sunan ga wani irin nama, wanda ya kunshi da aiki cikin rayuwar Kwayoyin, an kullum rarraba da kuma tabbatar da ci gaban da kuma ci gaban da tsire-tsire a general.

Bugu da kari, shi meristems ba Yunƙurin zuwa dama daban-daban na nama a cikin jiki. Alal misali, inji, conductive, da kuma sauran shafi. Saboda su warkar auku ji masa rauni shafukan a jiki da shuka, saurin dawo da rasa Tsarin (ganye, guda na kara, tushen). Za mu iya ce tare da amincewa da cewa da ilimi masana'anta - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci, wanda damar shuke-shuke wanzu. Saboda haka, da tsarin da kuma ayyuka na mukalli.

Sel ilimi nama. janar bayanai

Biyu main iri Kwayoyin za a iya gano, wanda yin sama da meristem:

1. Polygonal, ko izodiametricheskie. Ya ƙunshi wani sosai manyan tsakiya, wanda ya mamaye kusan dukkan da ciki sarari. Da ribosomes, mitochondria, kananan vacuoles warwatse ko'ina cikin cytoplasm. A harsashi ne na bakin ciki isa. Tsakãninsu isasshe loosely zubar. Irin wannan Kwayoyin samar eumeristemy. Su ba su tashi zuwa duk iri yadudduka, ban da gudanar.
2. Prozenhimnye Kwayoyin. Sun yi, a maimakon haka, manya-manyan vacuoles cika da cell sap. Tsakãninsu da alaka mafi densely, da siffar elongate, cubic ko prismatic. Educational masana'anta gina su bada Yunƙurin ga madugu tsarin, Kambia da procambium shuke-shuke.

Saboda haka, dangane da irin Kwayoyin kafa masana'anta aka ƙaddara kuma yi ta aiki.

Zaka kuma iya zažar iri biyu meristem Kwayoyin:

1. Da farko - rayayye rarraba Kwayoyin cikin rayuwa, don tabbatar da jari daga cikin jimlar taro na ilimi masana'anta. Sun kuma ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani rukuni.
2. Kalam Kwayoyin - iya zama daban-daban daga baya siffar, size, yawan vacuoles, da kuma sauran sigogi.

Wadannan iri Tsarin cikin wasu shuka iri iya kullum zama indistinguishable, akalla morphologically.

A general, tsarin ilmantarwar masana'anta ba ka damar zaɓar dama iri da cewa yin up nau'ukanta

rarrabuwa na meristems

Dalili iya sa 'yan daban-daban da ãyõyinMu. Na farkon su - shi ne da ilimin halittar jiki na Kwayoyin yin sama da nama. Domin wannan musamman fifiko:

• leaf meristem - da cubic form tare da monolayer jikin tantanin, forming wani shafi masana'anta.
• ilimi columnar masana'anta - kafa cibiya mai tushe da kuma rassan bishiyoyi, prismatic Kwayoyin tare da m harsashi.
• m meristem - ba Yunƙurin ga gina-up a kauri, wakilta polygonal Kwayoyin.

Wadannan ayoyi ga rarrabuwa - shi ne ikon bambance a cikin sauran Tsarin. A wannan hasashe duk meristem za a iya raba shida kungiyoyin:

1. Tayi ilimi masana'anta. Its sunan yayi magana don kansa. Yana Forms da primary fetal nama.
2. Apical meristem, kuma aka sani da apical. Form: procambium, epidermis, conductive nama parenchyma.
3. Rauni ilimi masana'anta. Kafa a rauni site da kuma samar da m dawo daga batattu sashin jiki ko bata rauni.
4. Intercalary - samar intercalary girma na shuke-shuke a tsawo da nisa.
5. Side ko a kaikaice - samar da mai kauri axial Tsarin na jiki da shaida na cambium ko phellogen.
6. M meristem - cewa shi Forms da takardar yanar gizo.

A karshen rarrabuwa, a kan abin da za ka iya raba duk na meristem cikin kungiyoyin biyu - kwayoyin. A cewar ta, suka kasu kashi:

• farko - suna hade da apical da tayi kyallen takarda.
• Secondary - cambium, procambium da sauransu.

Ya tabbata cewa daban-daban fasali na rarrabuwa tabbatar da muhimmancin wadannan Tsarin, musamman rawar da suka taka a shuka rayuwa.

ganye meristem

Wannan ilimi masana'anta, wanda ayyuka ne a cikin samuwar da epidermis da shuka. Yana lamellar meristem haifar coverslips nama cewa kare jiki daga waje tasirin, goyi bayan wani musamman siffar da kuma tsarin.

Sel farantin ilimi masana'anta ana shirya a daya jere ana raba sosai tsanani, da kuma perpendicular zuwa aiki jiki. A sakamakon haka, da matsanancin epidermis kafa shuke-shuke.

columnar nama

Wani sunan na wadannan yadudduka - Rod. Sun samu shi ga wani elongated prismatic aka gyara daga cell tsarin, wanda aka located kusa da juna da kuma suna da wani lokacin farin ciki isa fata.

Columnar nama bada Yunƙurin zuwa cikakken Forms da core na stalks da kututturan shuke-shuke. Kasu kashi sel da nama ne ma perpendicular zuwa axial gabobin.

M meristem. taƙaitaccen bayanin

Features na ilimi masana'anta kira m cewa shi damar shuka tara wani taro na undifferentiated Kwayoyin, wanda kai ga wani thickening da kuma kara a nauyi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru shi ne quite ko'ina.

A nan gaba, kowane daga cikin cell mass ne tuba zuwa cikin daya ko wani masana'anta da cewa shi ne na musamman da zai yi ta aiki. Saboda haka kafa, misali, nama da kuma sauran sporangium.

Educational aiki na shuka nama

Irin rawa da meristem, shi ne babban. Za ka iya yi alama da dama na asali muhimman ayyukan yi da nama a karkashin shawara:

1. Samar da shuke-shuke da Unlimited girma cikin rayuwar.
2. Ba Yunƙurin zuwa bambantawa da specialization dukkan sauran iri kyallen takarda a cikin jiki.
3. Tabbatar da al'ada ci gaban shuke-shuke.
4. Kashe lalacewa da kuma mayar da bata tsarin.

Duk da haka, babban aikin yi da ilimi masana'anta - ne maimaita rabo na sel da kuma jari na wani babban nauyi da yiwuwar m amfani da wani ɓangare na shuka da kuma, sabili da haka, kula da girma da kuma aiki cikin rayuwar. Yana da wannan dalili da cewa a cikin jikin dabbobi da mutane da irin wannan nama ba. Bayan duk, suka girma ne kawai don wani genetically m (asali rajista a genome) masu girma dabam.

apical meristem

Wannan ilimi masana'anta, aiki da kuma tsarin da wanda muka yi la'akari da su zama daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci daga dukan nau'i na meristems. Don yin wannan, akwai wani yawan dalilai.

1. Haka kuma an kira nama apical da apical, tun bayan da ci gaban da tayi, ta zauna ita a cikin girma aya (koli na shoot).
2. A apical meristem tushe da kuma tushen damar kara a tsawon.
3. A tsawon lokaci, shi ne tuba a cikin apical nama na fure da Inflorescence meristem, da barin furanni don samar da dukan da sassa.
4. Yana bada Yunƙurin zuwa duk sauran iri ilimi kyallen takarda.

Saboda haka, muna magana ne game da wani babban mataki na muhimmancin apical meristems a shuka rayuwa.

A wannan iri-iri na tsokoki da dama Kalam cewa shi Forms a shuka jiki. Suna nan kamar haka:

• da rufe masana'anta.
• protoderma.
• procambium.
• conductive masana'anta.
• asali;
• m.

Tare da apical ne meaningfully kuma a kaikaice, ko a kaikaice meristems. Su ba da tashi Kambia fellogenu da kuma samar da abin da ake kira shekara-shekara zobba, waxanda suke a fili a bayyane a giciye sassan na mai tushe da kuma kututturan.

Firamarensa masana'anta

Wadannan sun hada da wadanda aka farko aza a jikin amfrayo. Ainihi, shi ne apical meristem amfrayo da kuma (apical). Wasu daga cikin su aka kiyaye su domin rayuwa, yayin da wasu mutu, forming da primary jiki da shuka.

Tun da apical meristem, mun riga aka tattauna a more daki-daki sama, babu bukatar maimaita duk abin da sake. Primary nama - wannan ne apical ilimi Tsarin.

secondary meristem

Wannan kungiyar hada da m meristem, wanda damar shuka a baya, saukarwa na ci gaba da gina taro. Wannan ilimi masana'anta, wanda ayyuka ne yafi a cikin samuwar nodules na axial gabobin da shuke-shuke.

A musamman rawa a wannan wasa da cambium phellogen. Mafi sau da yawa sarrafa sakandare meristem zo bayan ƙarshen apical girma da shuka, amma akwai ban. A matsayin misali, a cikin hali na cambium.

Har ila yau muhimmanci rauni meristems, wanda kai ga samuwar na callus - cell mass. Sun ƙara ja wani wuri na rauni ko lalacewar shuka.