Shuka kyallen takarda. Nau'in na shuka nama

Aikace-aikace, ta kwatanta dabba da shuka kyallen takarda, suka bayyana a cikin XVII karni. A farko Botanical-anatomists - girma da kuma Malpighi - nazari mafi muhimmanci daga gare su, da kuma gabatar da Concepts kamar prosenchyma da parenchyma. A general, da binciken na Tsarin hannu a ilmin halitta. Yadudduka ne bambance-bambance a abun da ke ciki, dawainiya, da asali. Next, la'akari da mafi asali siffofin wadannan sifofi. A labarin da yake a teburin na shuka kyallen takarda. A da shi ba za ka iya ganin babban Categories Tsarin, su location da kuma ayyuka.

Biology: masana'anta. rarrabuwa

Students rabuwa Tsarin daidai da physiological manufofin da aka ɓullo da kuma Simon Schwendener Gaberlandtom da nuna XIX-XX ƙarni. Shuka kyallen takarda ne kungiyoyin na sel da ciwon guda asalin, kama abun da ke ciki da kuma aiki a kan wani aure aiki. Nau'in Tsarin ne da za'ayi a cewar daban-daban sharudda. Alal misali, koma zuwa shuka kyallen takarda:

• Key.
• Conductive.
• Meristem (ilimi).
• Shafi.
• Excretory.
• Inji.

Idan shuka nama sanya up na sel da ciwon fiye ko žasa da wannan tsarin da kuma ayyuka, da aka kira su sauki. Idan abubuwa ba daya suke ba, to, dukan tsarin da aka kira wani hadadden ko rikitarwa. Nau'in na shuka nama a wani category raba, bi da bi, da kungiyar. Alal misali, ilimi tsarin sun hada da:

• Apical.
• Side - sakandare (phellogen, cambium) da primary (pericycle, procambium).
• Rauni.
• Intercalary.

Nau'in farko da irin shuka nama hada da kara haja da kuma assimilation parenchyma. Conductive Tsarin dauke phloem (Bast) da kuma xylem (itace).

Coverslips (iyakar) shuka kyallen takarda:

• Waje: sakandare (periderm), primary (epidermis), manyan (ritidom ko kwasfa). VELAM, rizoderma.
• Ciki: exogenous da indodem, parietal sel da gudanar da daure na ganye.

Inji tsarin (kwarangwal, reference) ya kasu kashi sclerenchyma (sklereidy zaruruwa), collenchyma. Kuma na karshe kungiyar ne excretory (secretory) na shuka kyallen takarda.

Educational Tsarin: kayan yau da kullum

Wadannan shuka nama (meristem) ne ƙungiyar matasa kullum, rayayye rarraba Kwayoyin. Suna located a yankunan da ci gaban da daban-daban gabobin. Alal misali, suna iya zama a kan da na fi mai tushe, tushen tips, da kuma sauran wurare. Saboda gaban a shuka cell nama al'ada ne a ci gaba da girma da kuma samuwar m abubuwa da kuma gabobin.

Features meristem

Ya danganta da wurin da ilimi shuka cell nama gano shi iya zama apical (apical), gefen (a kaikaice) gusset (intercalary) rauni. Tsarin ma ya kasu kashi na biyu kuma na farko. A karshen hada apical irin shuka nama. Wadannan Tsarin aka ƙaddara da ci gaban al'adu a tsawon. A mafi girma ƙananan tsari shuke-shuke (ferns, horsetails) apical meristem bambanta weakly bayyana. Suna gabatar da daya kadai na farko, ko primary cell. A angiosperms da gymnosperms apical meristem bayyana quite da kyau. Suna wakilta wani adadin na farko Kwayoyin, wanda ya samar da ci gaban Cones. Kaikaice Tsarin yawanci sakandare. Godiya ga su an kwashe yaduwa Tushen, mai tushe (axial jikuna a general) a cikin kauri. Side ra'ayoyi da shuka nama - shi phellogen da cambium. Ta hanyar ayyukan da farko shi ne samuwar na tushen da kuma mai tushe na toshe kwalaba. Don wannan kungiyar ne masana'anta airing - lenticels. Kaikaice meristem kamar yadda cambium, phloem abubuwa suna kafa da kuma tsarin katako. A lokaci na m rai shuke-shuke da aka slowing sauka ko cikakken lõkacin fatara daga aiki na cambium. Intercalary meristems, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suna primary. Suna adana kamar yadda raba rabo a cikin yankunan da aiki girma: a tushe na petiole kuma internode ciyawa ganye, misali.

tectum

Ayyuka shuka nama na wannan kungiyar ne don kare al'adun daga illa muhalli dalilai. Korau tsoma, musamman, ya kamata a yi la'akari da} arfin danshin, hasken rana zafi fiye da kima, bushewa iska, inji lalacewa, ingress na kwayoyin cuta da kuma pathogenic fungi. Akwai makarantun firamare da sakandare zuba jari nama. A farko category hada rhizodermis da kwasfa (epidermis). A sakandare shafi yadudduka yi imani phelloderm, abin toshe kwalaba cambium, abin toshe kwalaba.

Features na Tsarin

Fata ta rufe tare da dukan gabobin da annuals, perennial itace amfanin gona a halin yanzu girma kakar - kore harbe, a general, shuke-shuke - herbaceous m sassa. A karshen, musamman, ne ganye, furanni, mai tushe.

A tsarin da shuka kyallen takarda: epidermis

Its tsarin yawanci hada da daya Layer na rufe tsarin abubuwa. A wannan yanayin, da intercellular sarari ya bace. A epidermis an cire quite sauƙi, kuma shi ne mai m bakin ciki fim. Wannan rayuwa nama, hada da wani protoplast Layer ya sauka a hankali tare da ginshikin ya kuma leucoplasts, babban vacuole. A karshen daukan up kusan dukan cell. The gina garu na tsarin abubuwa na wani thickened epidermis kuma na ciki da kuma gefen - bakin ciki. A karshen da pores. Babban maƙasudin na epidermis ne da tsari na transpiration da kuma iskar gas musayar. Yana yana da za'ayi yawanci ta hanyar da stomata. Inorganic mahadi da ruwa shiga cikin pores. Daban-daban shuka Kwayoyin na epidermis ne daban-daban masu girma dabam da kuma siffofi. Mutane da yawa monocots ne tsarin abubuwa, elongated a tsawon. Mai dicotyledonous shuke-shuke da sinuous sidewalls. Wannan qara yawa na gamuwa da juna. Tsarin da epidermis a saman da kasa na takardar ne daban-daban. Fadi fiye da stomata fiye da saman. A na cikin ruwa shuke-shuke da ganye iyo a farfajiya (ruwa Lily, kwai capsules), na da peculiarities. Suna da stomata ne ba kawai a kan sama na farantin. Amma a shuke-shuke, da cikakken niyyar baftisma cikin ruwa, kafa data ba su da samuwa.

stomata

Wannan sosai na musamman samuwar a cikin epidermis. Stomata kunshi 2 ramummuka da matsara Kwayoyin - samuwar therebetween. Tsarin abubuwa da jinjirin wata siffar. Sun tsara girman da Ramin-kamar samuwar. Yana, bi da bi, za a iya rufe da bude daidai da turgor matsa lamba a cikin kulle abubuwa dangane da taro na carbon dioxide a sararin iska da kuma wasu dalilai. A lokacin da rana da stomatal Kwayoyin suna da hannu a photosynthesis. A wannan lokacin, turgor matsa lamba ne m, da kuma samuwar wani tsaguwa bude. A dare shi ne, a maimakon haka, aka rufe. Wannan sabon abu ne kuma lura a lokacin rani, da kuma wilting na ganye. Shi ne saboda da ikon adana a ciki da stomata danshi.

core Tsarin

Parenchyma bautarka mafi yawan sarari tsakanin sauran m kyallen takarda a kara, tushen da kuma sauran shuka gabobin. Basic tsarin yafi hada da rayayyun tantani da ciwon da dama siffofi. Kwayoyin na iya faruwa, na bakin ciki-walled, amma wani lokacin samu da kuma thickened, lignified, tare da sauki pores postennoy cytoplasm. Na parenchyma hada da ganye da 'ya'yan itace da ɓangaren litattafan almara, da zuciyar na rhizomes kuma mai tushe, su haushi. Akwai da dama subgroups wannan nama. Saboda haka, a cikin babban Tsarin bambanta: pneumatic, aquifer, ajewa da assimilation. The ayyuka na shuka kyallen takarda a wannan category kunshi ajiya na sinadirai masu mahadi.

chlorophyll parenchyma

Hlorenhima - assimilation nama - tsarin a cikin abin da photosynthesis faruwa. Its abubuwa suna bambanta da bakin ciki ganuwar. A cikinsu akwai da tsakiya da kuma chloroplast. A karshen, kamar cytoplasm, located postenno. Hlorenhima aka located kai tsaye a karkashin fata. Mafi yawa shi ne mayar da hankali a cikin matasa kore harbe da kuma ganye.

Aerenchyma

Pneumatic masana'anta shi ne tsarin da isasshe ɓullo da intercellular sarari a daban-daban gabobin. Mafi yawa daga duk shi ne halayyar marshy, ruwa da kuma gabar teku ruwa al'adu wanda tushen ne a cikin oxygen-matalauta laka. The iska ya kai ƙananan jikinsu ta hanyar canja wuri jikinsu. Bugu da ƙari, sadarwa tsakanin intercellular sarari kuma yanayi ɗauke da peculiar pnevmatod. Aerenchyma saboda da rabo daga shuke-shuke da aka rage. Wannan, a fili, ya bayyana ikon da kamun kifin ya kula da wani a tsaye matsayi, da kuma ganye - ya zama a farfajiya.

aquifers

Wannan masana'anta rike danshi a cikin tushe da kuma ganyen succulent shuke-shuke da amfanin gona a Saline yankunan. Tsohon, misali, hada da cacti, Jade, agave kuma Aloe sauran. Don na biyu - tsamiya, strobilaceum, hodgepodge, da sauransu. To ɓullo da wannan nama a sphagnum gansakuka.

to stock tsarin

A cikin wadannan tsokoki, a wani matsayi a cikin ci gaban al'adun fara sa musayar kayayyakin. Wannan, musamman, fats, carbohydrates, da sauransu. Sel a ajiya kyallen takarda, kullum bakin ciki-hananna. Structure yadu wakilci a cikin thickened Tushen, kwararan fitila, tubers, mai tushe core, iri jam, endosperm, da kuma sauran yankunan.

machine inuwõyi

The goyon bayan tsokoki aiki a matsayin mai irin ƙarfafa ko "stereoma" (daga Girkanci. "M", "m"). Babban maƙasudin ne don tabbatar da irin tsayin dakan da Tsarin tsauri da kuma a tsaye lodi. Haka kuma, da yadudduka da wani tabbataccen tsarin. A nazarin sasannin amfanin gona su ne mafi m, a cikin axial sashe na shoot - tushe. A Kwayoyin iya shirya peripherally raba yankunan ko m Silinda.

collenchyma

Shi ne mai sauki farko support masana'anta da wani live cell abun ciki: cytoplasm, tsakiya, wani lokacin chloroplast. Akwai sassa uku collenchyma: sako-sako da, farantin karfe kuma kwana. Wannan rarrabuwa ne da za'ayi a daidai da yanayin da thickening Kwayoyin. Idan yana da kan kusurwoyi, da angled tsarin, idan layi daya zuwa surface a kara da uniform isa, shi collenchyma farantin. Yana kafa ainihin masana'anta na meristem da aka located a karkashin epidermis a nesa na daya ko fiye yadudduka da shi.

sclerenchyma

Wannan inji nama yana dauke su fairly na kowa. Ya kunshi tsarin abubuwa da lignified da thickened gaba ɗaya slotted ganuwar da pores a cikin wani karamin adadin. Sclerenchyma Kwayoyin a cikin dogon kõma fitar, suna da halin prozenhimnaya siffar da nuna iyakar.

A conductive Tsarin

Wadannan yadudduka samar da sufuri gina jiki mahadi. Yana yana da za'ayi a biyu kwatance. Transpiration (kasa) da kuma na yanzu mai ruwa-ruwa mafita na salts ne tracheids da kwanoni daga tushen da ganye tare da kara. Assimilation (downward) motsi zo daga babba sassa karkashin kasa ta wajen musamman phloem sieve shambura. Conductive masana'anta iya a wasu hanya da za a idan aka kwatanta da jijiyoyi mutane, saboda yana da wani radial da axial cibiyar sadarwa. Gina jiki da shiga cikin kowane cell na jiki.

secretory zaruruwa

Secretory nama - ilimi na musamman, su sami damar haskaka ko ware wani ruwa droplet yanayi da kuma kayayyakin da metabolism. Sunan karshe ta asĩri. Idan suka zo daga wata shuka, sa'an nan da matsanancin mugunya suna da hannu nama da kuma idan ya bar ciki - daidai da tafiyar da ciki tsari. Samuwar ruwa kayayyakin saboda membrane aiki da Golgi hadaddun. Asirin irin wannan an tsara su don kare shuke-shuke daga halaka ta dabbobi, da diyya da pathogens ko kwari. Endocrine Tsarin ne a cikin nau'i na guduro motsa idioblast, aromatic tashoshi mlechnikov, receptacles ga sallama, da kuma sauran gland.

Table shuka kyallen takarda