Samuwar, Sakandare da kuma makarantu
Features na sifa da aiki na tushen hula a tsire-tsire
Kowace dabba yana da nasa wajen domin wata al'ada rayuwa, na taimaka kare da wani iri-iri da matsaloli, daga abokan gaba da kuma kawo karshen tare da yanayin cũta. Tsire-tsire suna ba togiya. Alal misali, algae, su kare kansu daga ikon da ruwa ya kwarara da kuma gudun, sun qware rhizoids - tsotsa kofuna cewa hašawa zuwa substrate da kuma zama a wuri.
Amma mafi girma shuke-shuke da wannan ne a tushen daban-daban siffofi da kuma tsawo. Duk da haka, kansa wani boye jiki ma bukatar a kare, saboda gona - wuya isasshen mazauninsu. A yin haka, yana taimaka tushen hula, wanda siffofi da gine-gine muka dubi a cikin wannan labarin.
Features na tsarin shuke-shuke
Tun da farko makaranta, kowane yaro sanin asali fasali na na'ura jiki na sama da shuke-shuke. Hakika, na ciki ciki da ya rage unexplored saboda mutane da yawa, fãce waɗanda musamman sha'awar mutane. Duk da haka, na waje hukuma san kome da kome. Su ne:
- Tserewa ƙaddamar m ɓangare: kara, ganye, flower (angiosperms).
- karkashin kasa da rabo kafa tushen tsarin.
Saboda haka, kome sabon abu ba za a iya mai suna nan. Iyakar abin da bambanci tsakanin dukkan mambobi - shi ne mai hanya na haifuwa, kuma daidai da, da tsarin da haihuwa gabobin. A gymnosperms ne karo tare da tsaba a angiosperms - a flower tare da kayan ciki na haifuwa, a spore - sporangia da spores.
Duk da haka, wannan na dukkan kungiyoyin kaddamarda iko suke da tushen da shuke-shuke. Su ne manyan karkashin kasa part, tabuka wani iri-iri na da harshen damo.
- Kamar wani anga, tushen gyaran gaba daya shuka a cikin ƙasa.
- Yana hidima ga tsotsa kuma rike da jiki na ruwa da kuma narkar da ma'adanai.
- A da yawa jinsunan, shi ne wani wuri na jari na ƙarin gina jiki.
- Yana bayar da duk 'yan tabbatacce geotropism (musamman rawa a wannan ne kawai da tip na tushen).
- A wasu jinsunan shi hidima a matsayin ƙarin jiki ga sha na yanayi oxygen ko ruwa.
A fili yake cewa wannan jiki ne mai muhimmanci sosai. An sani cewa idan wani houseplant ga dashi lalata tushen tsarin ne da karfi isa, shi zai mutu, ko kuma zama mai tsanani da rashin lafiya da kuma dogon m. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa tushen da tsire-tsire suna gano, kazalika da dukan sauran gabobin, amma m raunuka fara mutuwa.
Shuka Akidar: Nau'in
Da sauƙi, cikin karkashin kasa shuka sashin jiki da zai yi da siffofin da tsarin da kuma ci gaban da damar da shi ya zama kamar Hardy kuma resistant zuwa inji lalacewa. An muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan shi ne tushen hula. Duk da haka, kafin zalunta jiki daga ciki, mu bayyana abin da shi ne a waje.
Duk wani nau'i na tushen za a iya raba uku Categories.
- Babban abu - tsakiya kashin baya, wanda ya fara girma da farko.
- Kaikaice Tushen - reshe bayyana a cikin babban tare da ya kwarara daga rayuwa.
- Adventitious - da yawa gashin kafa a kan tushe, wanda zai iya da dama masu girma dabam daga bakin ciki, kuma kusan imperceptible ga giant columnar backups.
Tare, suka samar da dukan shuka vysheoboznachennyh kisa ayyuka.
daban na tushen
daban na tushen - wadanda canje-canje da su sabon abu bayyanar cututtuka da cewa faruwa a tsire-tsire a cikin yanayi. Suna kafa domin manufar karbuwa ga wani takamaiman girma yanayi, ko da ya lashe gasar ga ƙasa kuma ma'adinai abinci mai gina jiki, ruwa. wasu daga cikin mafi kowa iri za a iya bambanta.
- Tushen-jingina - sassan jumlar ya tsawaita daga tushe da kuma da kansa gyarawa a cikin ƙasa. Kafa a domin kara karfafa sararin kambi na itace. Irin shuke-shuke suna kira banyan itace.
- Tushen-majajjawa - bauta kara da shuke-shuke a farfajiya na substrate. Alal misali, aiwi, inabin jeji, wake, Peas da sauransu.
- Suckers - wannan karbuwa daga shuka kwari da semiparasites to shiga cikin rundunar mai tushe daga manufar da ci da ya gina jiki. Su da sauran sunan - haustoria. Misali: mistletoe lathraea, dodder da sauransu.
- Karsh asalinsu. Wannan kaikaice Tushen, wanda bauta ga sha na oxygen a yanayin girma da shuka a wuce haddi danshi. Misali: mangrove, Salix fragilis, cypress.
- Air - adventitious Tushen, wanda tsayar da ƙarin aiki na mamaye danshi daga cikin iska. Misali: orchids da sauran epiphytes.
- Tubers - yaduwa na karkashin kasa a kaikaice da adventitious Tushen ga manufar adanar hadaddun carbohydrates da sauran mahadi. MISALI dankali.
- Tushen - karkashin kasa Gabar kafa ta overgrowth na babban tushen da aka adana gina jiki. Misalai: karas, radishes, beets da sauransu.
Saboda haka, mun yi nazari da tushen da shuke-shuke da cewa za a iya gani da ido tsirara, idan saki a gare shi daga ƙasa.
A tushen tsarin shuke-shuke
All nuna iri tushen kowace shuka ta samar da cikkaken tsarin. Shi ne ake kira tushen da kuma shi ne na biyu na asali iri.
- Fibrous - furta a kaikaice da adventitious ba gani babban abu.
- Rod - tsakiyar taproot da aka bayyana a fili, kuma a kaikaice da adventitious rauni.
Wadannan iri tushen tsarin ne ga kowa da kowa angiosperms Flora.
Features na tsarin shuka tushen (tebur)
Yanzu duba cikin shuka to da damar da kuma nazarin tushen hula, tsarin fasali wanda taimaka don haka a ko'ina cikin jiki. Duk da haka, baya daga saman tushen, akwai wasu sassa na shi. Don duba duk tsarin fasali na shuka tushen, da tebur sosai dace.
| ɓangare na tushen | tsarin fasali | aiki |
| Calyptra ko tushen hula | Kasa ne a kusa look. | Kariya da inji lalacewar (primary) |
| rarraban zone | Wakilta kananan Kwayoyin da ciwon m cytoplasm da kuma manyan nuclei. Kullum akwai wani rabo, kamar yadda yake a nan ne apical meristem cewa ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa duk wasu Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na tushen. Launi yankin a lokacin da la'akari da duhu, dan kadan yellowish. Girman - game da daya millimeter. | Babban aiki - tabbatar da m division da kuma kara da taro na undifferentiated Kwayoyin, wanda a nan gaba za a iya amfani da daban-daban specializations. |
| mikewa zone (girma) | Wakilta manyan Kwayoyin tare da cell ganuwar, Woody tare da lokaci. Duk da yake har yanzu suna da taushi, da data tsarin da sanyãwa a taska mai yawa da ruwa, ya miƙa, kuma ta haka ne tushen hula da aka tura da zurfi cikin ƙasa. A size wannan yanki - 'yan millimeters, idan akai la'akari da shi shi ne m. | Tashin hankali da kuma gabatar da shuka zurfi a cikin ƙasa. |
| sha bambantawa Zone | Yana kafa a kan mitochondria-arziki Kwayoyin, wanda ake tattara a epiblemu ko rizodermu. Wannan ne da rufe masana'anta, rufi da waje na tushen hairs located a shafin. Suna iya zama daban-daban masu girma dabam da kuma tsawo. Wasu daga cikin su ya mutu, amma sabon tsari a kasa. Shige da zone ne 'yan santimita, yana da kyau a bayyane. | Absorption na kasar gona bayani da ruwa daga ƙasar |
| rike da yanki | Gabatar exoderm Kwayoyin. Wannan nama yana maye gurbinsu epiblemu. exoderm Kwayoyin suna da wani lokacin farin ciki bango, lignified sau da yawa suna da irin shambura. A tushen wannan ɓangare na wani bakin ciki amma m, aiki ne rabo mai primary bawo. A lokacin da la'akari da miƙa mulki daga rhizodermis zuwa exoderm kusan imperceptible, shi matukar. | Gudanar da na gina jiki (gona bayani da kuma ruwa) daga sha zone a cikin tushe da kuma ganyen da shuka. |
Saboda haka, mun gano cewa, ci gaban da shuka tushen da Calyptra fara da ƙare da wani sashe na farko bawo. Yanzu mukalli a sifa da aiki na ƙwarai saman karkashin kasa na wadannan ban mamaki tãlikai.
A saman tushen
Akwai da dama sunayen cewa koma zuwa wannan ɓangare na karkashin kasa da jiki. Saboda haka, da wadannan ma'ana:
- Calyptra, daga Lat. calyptra.
- tushen hula.
- tushen tip.
- kaliptrogen.
- tushen tip.
Amma abin da sunan, tushen hula aiki a tsire-tsire ya kasance canzawa. A general, wannan sashe shi ne dan kadan thickened samuwar a tip na kashin baya ƙarƙashin ƙasa. A microscope shi yana gani kamar yadda mai tafiya da cewa an saka daga sama don kare m tsokoki na kasar gona barbashi. Girma Calyptra kananan kamar yadda 0.2 mm. Kawai a cikin irin wannan modified Tsarin, kamar numfashi Tushen, ya kai gare shi 'yan millimeters.
Bayyanar aka ƙaddara da babban aiki na tushen hula - mana, shi ne don kare da inji lalacewa. Duk da haka, shi ne ba kadai.
Wanne Kwayoyin a cikin tushen hula?
tushen hula sel iri biyu. A kashi na farko - shi ne waje. Su ne oblong, ja da girma samuwar, a hankali Fitted ga juna. Saboda haka, intercellular sarari ne kusan ba ya nan. A rayuwa daga wadannan Kwayoyin ne sosai short-rayu da shi ne kawai 4 zuwa 9 kwanaki. A wannan lokaci su dole ne lokaci don yayi girma da kuma raba.
Saboda haka, tafiyar matakai na mitosis a kan tushen tip ne m. Origin of Kwayoyin Calyptra saba - da apical meristem, located kai tsaye sama da dimbin yawa harka. Cell ganuwar wadannan Tsarin bakin ciki isasshen neodrevesnevshie.
A lokacin da rayuwar da Kwayoyin suna exfoliated, otmiraya, ya zama ruwan dare cakuda polysaccharides - gamsai. Saboda haka, aikin na tushen hula ne don tabbatar da cewa m mucous shafi na boye jiki fi for lafiya gabatarwa tsakanin ƙasa barbashi.
Saboda da gamsai Calyptra, m maginin tsarin bãyukansu da kashin baya, kuma Ka sauƙaƙe ta downward zamewar. Duk da haka, wannan ba kawai Kwayoyin wanda aka kafa ta Case kunshi.
Akwai Kwayoyin cewa Calyptra kafa a tsakiyar, na daga cikin - columella. Wannan sitaci hatsi, ko amyloplasts. Su Asali ana samu plastids cewa ba su da chlorophyll. Wancan ne, da farko kunshi raba kwayoyin koya wa rayuwa a symbiosis tare da more sosai shirya mutane da hankali suka zama irreplaceable domin su na ciki tsarin Kwayoyin.
Amyloplasts - ne Kwayoyin cewa tara cikin manyan hatsi sitaci polysaccharide. Waje suna taso keya, suna dab da juna don haka kamar yadda densely kamar yadda Calyptra tsarin tattauna a sama.
Suka ɗaure wani aiki tushen hula, wanda ce kasa. Lura kuma cewa sitaci a amyloplasts iya zama wani ƙarin tushen samar da makamashi ga shuka, idan bukata ta muhalli yanayi.
tushen hula aiki a tsire-tsire
Daya daga cikinsu, da babban, mun riga gano. Mun sake mayar da ita, kuma ƙara wadanda wanda ba tukuna da aka ambata.
tushen hula ayyuka a tsire-tsire:
- A m Layer na sel Calyptra polysaccharide secretes gamsai, abin da hidima ga sauƙaƙe gabatarwa da tushen zurfi a cikin ƙasa.
- A wannan mucous Case kunshi damar shuka don kauce wa bushewa fita.
- columella sel (tsakiyar Calyptra) sun dauki sitaci hatsi zama game da shi statoliths georetseptsii da kuma yin aiki domin tushen. Saboda wannan shi ne ko da yaushe m geotropism.
Gwaje-gwajen sun nuna cewa idan ka cire shuke-shuke Calyptra, da girma a tsawon ceases. Duk da haka, shi ba ya mutu, kuma za su ci gaba rayayye a kaikaice da adventitious Tushen, fadada ƙasa kama iyaka a fadin. Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani da lambu a girma amfanin gona.
Babu shakka cewa tushen hula aiki a tsire-tsire ne mai muhimmanci sosai. Bayan duk, kowane gefe ko da baya pridatochny Calyptra kuma yana a kan ta saman. In ba haka ba da shuka Case kunshi a cire daga tsakiyar axial kashin baya sun ɓãci. Akwai ware. Wadannan su ne iri na shuke-shuke, wanda tushen ne gaba daya bã tãre da kaddamarda Tsarin. Misalai: ruwa chestnut, Duckweed, vodokras. A fili yake cewa m shi ne wakilan ruwa fauna.
amyloplasts aiki
Mun riga ya bayyana cewa, akwai wani aiki na tushen hula dangantawa da amyloplasts. Su tara sitaci hatsi da kuma canza kama zuwa real statolith. Yana kusan daidai kamar statocysts (otoliths) a can cikin kunne na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hankali da sikẽli.
A wannan yarjejeniyar da statolith amyloplasts. Godiya a gare su, da shuka "ji" da wuri daga cikin Duniya ta radius, kuma girma ko da yaushe a cewar shi, da cewa an shiryar da karfi nauyi. Wannan yanayin da aka farko kafa ta Thomas Knight a 1806, wanda aka gudanar da jerin confirmatory gwaje-gwaje. Har ila yau, wannan sabon abu ne ake kira geotropism na shuke-shuke.
geotropism
Geotropism, ko gravitropism, kira a matsayin wata alama na shuke-shuke da sassa girma ne kawai a cikin shugabanci na duniya ta radius. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan, misali, ba da tsaba germinate a cikin al'ada jihar, sa'an nan kuma juya cikin tukunya a kan ta gefe, sa'an nan a bayan ɗan lõkaci tushen tip ma sa lankwasawa da kuma fara birgima saukar zuwa daidai da sabon halin da ake ciki.
Menene muhimmancin na tushen hula a wannan sabon abu? Yana amyloplasts Calyptra damar tushen da kyau geotropism, cewa ne ko da yaushe girma saukar. Duk da yake a cikin mai tushe, a maimakon haka, wani mummunan geotropism, tun da girma da aka kwashe sama.
Shi ne wannan sabon abu duk da shuke-shuke fama da yanayin da auku mai tushe a kasa bayan halitta events (hadari, ƙanƙara, nauyi ruwa, iska), suna iya mayar da baya jihar sake cikin wani gajeren lokaci.
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