Spore shuke-shuke: misalai, fasali, iri-iri,

O masoya m murmushi a lokacin da sauraron Legends game da dare na Ivan Kupala. Ta yaya zan iya samun wani fern flower? Wane ne cewa, in general, na je sama tare? Ta yaya zan iya samun wani abu da ke bai taba wanzu a cikin yanayin?

Mutane da yawa yanayi masoya rarrabu a kan flowering shuke-shuke da cryptogamic jinsunan. Cryptogamic kira spore shuke-shuke, misalai na wanda za a tattauna a cikin labarin a yau.

Spore shuke-shuke: na farko gabatarwa

Bari mu fara da taƙaitaccen bayanin saba. The kalmar "muhawara" zo mana daga Girkanci harshe. Fassara yana nufin "zuriyar" ko "tsaba." Shi ne mai matukar kananan samuwar wanda size - game 1 micron.

Kafa spore shuke-shuke na dogon lokaci. A gaskiya ma, sun - da kai tsaye zuriyar Flora, wanda ya fito daga cikin teku a ƙasar. By da spore-hali shuke-shuke ba kawai wani fern. Masana kimiyya sun raba su ƙungiya biyu Categories: manya da ƙananan. A farko category - ferns, kulob din mosses, horsetails da gansakuka. A karo na biyu - algae da lichens.

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar daga spore shuke-shuke

Idan muka magana game da hakan spore kwayoyin, sunã da wani da ban sha'awa sosai rai sake zagayowar. Nan za ka iya ganin cikin sãɓãwar jima'i da kuma asexual mutane daga cikin jinsunan. Haka kuma, haifuwa, dangane da nau'in, shi ne jima'i ko asexually. A dukan rai sake zagayowar ne m. A shuka Forms gametophyte (jima'i haifuwa sashin jiki) da kuma sporophyte (sashin jiki na sake yiwuwar tohowarsu).

Evolution ya yarda ya ci gaba da wadannan iri na shuke-shuke a cikin biyu kwatance. Mun karbi biyu m kungiyoyin: haploid da diploid. Kwatanta spore shuke-shuke, misalai daga waxanda suke haploid kungiyar - mosses, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa suna da wani karin ci gaba jima'i gametophyte. Haploid sporophyte a cikin ƙungiyar yana da wani zama ƙarƙashin matsayi. Diploid kwayoyin spore shugabanci (horsetail da ferns) yana mai karfi da ci gaba sporophyte da gametophyte kamar yadda prothallia.

Jima'i tsara ko da yaushe yana antheridia da archegonium. Shi ne namiji da mace gabobin. Male maniyyi motility, mace jima'i cell ne a tsaye. A kan abin da za a iya isa ga manufa da ta hadu, maniyyi yana da samun a cikin ruwa yanayi. Kwan da ya hadu da siffofin wani tayi daga wanda germinates asexual tsara, Ina nufin sporophyte. A na gaba mataki na kiwo za su faru spores cewa ci gaba a cikin sporangia.

fasaloli

Ba kowa ba ne ya sani yadda za a rarrabe spore shuke-shuke. Misalai na tattaunawa a kan wannan batu zai iya kama da wannan:

1. Spore shuke-shuke ba a Bloom. Wannan nau'in shi ne ba ilimin iya flowering.
2. Da musamman rai sake zagayowar. Jima'i da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu.
3. Da rashin yiwuwar jima'i hadi, ba tare da kasancewar ruwa.

Idan uku siffofin muhimmi ga damu shuka, yana da irin spore.

Spore shuke-shuke: ferns

Yana da wuya a sami wani wanda ya taba ganin wani fern. Wannan tsoho shuka da ake amfani da kayan ado na Parks da gidãjen Aljanna. Potted ferns suna girma a tukwane, da gandun daji ke tafiya masoya da yawa sau gani lush da kuma kore fern thickets.

All ferns mamaye pinnatisected fili ganye. Wadannan spore-shuke-shuke (ferns) ne mafi sananne sporangia. The location of waɗannan jikuna - underside na ganye.

Domin bayanai ƙara da cewa ferns a cikin yanayi fiye da dubu goma. Duk wannan bambancin a hade a 300 danginsu.

A tsarin da spore shuke-shuke da misali na mosses

Mosses za a iya dangana ga mafi m jinsunan mafi girma shuke-shuke. All baza Moss iyali - ne a cikin kananan size ba tare da wakilan da conductive masana'anta. A rabo a cikin tushe da kuma bar a mosses matukar. Wadannan ban mamaki spore-shuke-shuke - misalai na basira don daidaita da yanayin yanayi.

Saboda haka, gansakuka jiki yanaye kasu kashi kara, ganye da asalinsu. Eh, da tushen wannan shuka aka maye gurbinsu da filamentous outgrowths - rhizoids. Su Babban bambancin daga real tushen - babu conductive masana'anta. A kowane rhizoid gansakuka - daya ko fiye rai Kwayoyin.

Mosses ji mai kyau a cikin marshy wurare, a cikin inuwa, ko kawai damp. Mosses rayayye ƙafe danshi, amma yin sama da naƙasa daga dukan shuka surface. Duk da cewa da spore shuke-shuke bukatar ruwa zuwa jinsi wasu jinsunan mosses ne iya jira fita fari lokaci, su ma saba da tsira a kan m shafukan. Kamar yadda ya faru, ba cikakken gane.

jima'i - rinjaye gansakuka tsara. Sporophyte ne gaba daya dogara a kan gametophyte.

Rigingimu iya ba za a kafa a kan ganye kamar fern, kamar yadda ya fita da kansu su ne wajen al'ada. Domin wadannan dalilai, mosses saba spore kwantena, falalen kan jima'i gametophyte a kan kafar-yo.

A fasalin da mosses dauke da yiwuwar vegetative yaduwa. A tsari ya shafi kodan da kuma nodules. Idan vegetative sassa rabu da babban shuka, shi tasowa a cikin wani m mutum.

A kadan game da ƙananan siffofin

Ba za mu lissafa duk ƙananan spore shuke-shuke. Misalai na cewa ne fun don bayyana - algae. Wadannan shuke-shuke ba yawa kamar ferns da lichens, na kadan fiye da ɗaya da ɗari iri iri. Mazauninsu na Flora - ruwa. Algae ba su da ganye da kuma tushen sa. Suna a haɗe zuwa ƙasa ko duwatsu m hooks. Algae rarrabu a kan 11 sassan, 4 na wanda mutum ya koya don amfani su amfani.