Alkaloid - shi ne ... Nau'in alkaloids, halayyar

Tun zamanin da, mutane sun yi amfani da ganye sinadaran 'yanci zafi da mu rabu da cututtuka da kuma ailments. Duk da haka, da binciken ne bangaren abun da ke ciki, da kasafi na waɗanda mahadi da cewa suna da irin wannan sakamako da aka yiwuwa ne kawai tare da wani m, kuma m cin gaban sunadarai a matsayin kimiyya, wato, daga cikin XVII karni.

A sa'an nan a cikin zurfin shuka kwayoyin, kuma a yau, kuma a cikin wasu dabbobi, ya gano nitrogen-dauke da kwayoyin mahadi, wanda ya ba da wannan fadi da warkewa sakamako. Tun 1819 na kowa sunan wannan kungiya na abubuwa - alkaloids. Shawara V.Meysnerom, harhaɗa magunguna da kuma likita.

Mene ne wani alkaloid?

A halin yanzu yarda cewa alkaloid - a cyclic fili dauke da ke cikin zobe ko gefen sarkar daya ko dama nitrogen kwayoyin halitta da kuma sinadaran halitta na tasowa kaddarorin da rauni alkalis, kamar ammonia. Baya aka ambata definition daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a matsayin nitrogen tushe Kalam na pyridine. Duk da haka, a yawan mahadi wannan kungiya da aka gano daga baya, wanda ya nuna cewa irin wannan fassarar shi ne ba gaba ɗaya na gaskiya, kuma ba ya rufe dukan iri-iri na alkaloids.

Domin da farko lokacin da wannan abu da aka samu da kuma bincika a 1803 da masana kimiyya Dersonom. A da morphine samu daga opium. Daga bisani, da kansa da juna, masana kimiyya da dama sun gano wani yawan hadaddun heterocyclic mahadi daga shuka kayan. Saboda haka ina da ra'ayin cewa wannan abu alkaloid- yafi na halitta asali. An samar kawai a tsire-tsire.

A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin

By su sinadaran halitta, wadannan abubuwa - a nitrogen-dauke da kwayoyin mahadi da cewa dauke da nitrogen kwayoyin halitta a cikin heterocycles hadaddun, juna ta hanyar daban-daban na shaidu da kuma interactions.

Daga shuke-shuke, su tsaya daga cikin abun da ke ciki na salts da wasu acids:

• malic.
• ruwan inabi.
• oxalic.
• acetic da sauransu.

Idan m abu rabu da gishiri, yana yiwuwa a sami alkaloid a matsayin crystalline foda, da kuma shi ne mai yiwuwa a samar da ruwa tsarin (nicotine). A wannan kuma a cikin wani hali - shi ne alkaline fili exhibiting dace sinadaran Properties.

Wato, da sunadarai na alkaloids da aka sani kuma gane. Alal misali, a tsare hanyoyin da wanda suka za a iya ware daga shuka kayan. Suna dogara ne a kan solubility na salts na alkaloids a ruwa, kamar yadda m mahadi kusan insoluble a ruwa, amma da kyau yi shi a cikin kwayoyin kaushi.

A yawan halayen wanda ke faruwa ta amfani da kadaici da kuma nazarin irin wannan mahadi ake kira alkaloid.

1. Hazo. Reaction, dangane da samuwar wani insoluble gishiri da alkaloid, wanda precipitates. Wannan za a iya cika ta yin amfani da wadannan aka gyara: tannin, picric acid ko phosphotungstic molybdic acid.
2. Hazo. Reaction, dangane da samuwar hadaddun salts da alkaloid mahadi. Reagents: mercuric chloride, potassium iodide ko bismuth.
3. Batawa. Lokacin da wadannan halayen ne irin alkaloid canje-canje kuma ta zama m a cikin sauran abun da ke ciki. Ka'idar mataki - tasiri a kan heterocycles bayyanar launi. Reagents: nitric acid, sulfuric acid, jan hydroxide, jan (II) -precipitated.

Sau da yawa batawa halayen ba ba daidai sakamakon, kamar yadda wani ɓangare na wani heterocyclic alkaloids kama da wadanda daga cikin sunadaran. Sai suka bayar da wannan sakamako.

rarrabuwa na alkaloids

Me Categories an rarraba duk a san mahadi na wannan kungiya, da kayyade irin alkaloids, ta sinadaran tsarin. Wannan rarrabuwa da aka halitta Academician AP Orekhov da shi ya ta'allaka ne a kan tushen da irin da kuma tsarin da heterocycle tare da nitrogen kwayoyin halitta a cikinta.

1. Pyrrolidine, pyrrolizidine, da kuma Kalam daga gare ta. Wannan kungiyar iya hada alkaloids kamar platifillin, Sarrazin, senetsifillin da sauransu. Dalili tsarin da hadaddun biyar-membered heterocycles shiga zuwa juna, wanda tsarin hada da wani nitrogen zarra.
2. Piperidine da pyridine Kalam daga gare ta. Wakilai anabasine, lobeline. Tushen - shida-membered hadaddun hawan keke tare da nitrogen.
3. Quinolizidine da mahadi. Wannan kungiyar hada da: pahikarpin, termopsin da sauransu. Chemical da asali a cikin hadaddun shida-membered heterocycles, interconnected da nitrogen.
4. Quinoline - quinine, echinopsine.
5. An muhimmanci rukuni na alkaloids ne sosai na kowa - isoquinoline mahadi. Salsalin, morphine da papaverine - ana amfani da ko'ina a magani. Wannan na iya kuma sun hada da alkaloids a tsire-tsire barberry, Maçka da celandine.
6. Chemically sosai hadaddun a tsarin tropane Kalam - hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine. A tsarin wakilta wuya Fused, lauye pyrrolidine da piperidine zobba.
7. Indole da mahadi - reserpine, strychnine, vinblastine, da sauransu. A hadaddun hade da five- da shida-membered zobba da nitrogen kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsarin.
8. Babban alkaloid a masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da kuma magani - maganin kafeyin daga shayi ganye da tsaba da shuka kan gungumen azaba. Yana da dangantaka da purine Kalam - hadaddun mahadi daga daban-daban heterocycles kuma mafi nitrogen kwayoyin halitta a cikin abun da ke ciki.
9. Ephedrine da mahadi - sferofizin, colchicine da kolhamin. A sunadarai sunan ephedrine, nuna ta hadaddun tsarin, fenilmetilaminopropanol - wani hadadden kwayoyin aromatic barasa.
10. A cikin 'yan shekaru, shi ya yanke shawarar zuwa ware wasu abubuwa alkaloids kungiyar na steroids - corticosteroids da kuma jima'i ji ba gani.

jiki Properties

Babban halaye na wannan kungiya sun hada da ikon narke a cikin daban-daban taya da tara jihar a misali yanayi.

A dakin da zazzabi da saba alkaloid - wani crystalline m. Launi da kuma wari, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba su da. A palate, mafi yawa m, astringent, m. Nuna Tantancewar aiki a cikin bayani.

Wasu daga cikin wadannan guda abubuwa ruwa a misali yanayi - shi ne anoxic alkaloids game da 200 jinsunan. Alal misali, nicotine, pahikarpin, coniine.

Idan muka magana game da solubility a ruwa, shi iya yin haka ne kawai gaba daya maganin kafeyin, ephedrine, ergometrine. Wasu membobin wannan aji na mahadi mai narkewa kawai a cikin kwayoyin da taya (kaushi).

Action a kan jikin mutum

Alkaloid - wani abu wanda yana da karfi da sakamako a kan mutum da dabbobi. Mene ne tasiri?

1. Gagarumin tasiri da yake a cikin juyayi tsarin, karshen jijiya Kwayoyin, synapses, neurotransmitter tafiyar matakai. A data yankunan na jiki daban-daban kungiyoyin alkaloids yi aiki a matsayin sedatives, psychotropics, reflex yanayi, antitussives, stimulants, narcotic, analgesics. Lokacin amfani da kyau ga likita dalilai ne tsananin dosed kuma daidai, wadannan effects ne da amfani. Duk da haka, da karami yawan abin sama na iya haifar da sosai tsanani da kuma ban tausayi sakamakon.
2. A mataki a kan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin - anti-arrhythmic, inganta jini wurare dabam dabam, antispasmodic, hypotensive, choleretic.

Idan a kan tushen da alkaloid kwayoyi suna amfani inappropriately ko ba tare da yarda da zama dole sashi, zai iya sa da wadannan:

• illa wahayi da kuma ji;
• numfashi gazawar, kirji tightness.
• dizziness, tashin zuciya da amai.
• zub da jini;
• bushe baki.
• } aruwar ko karu a jini.
• mai tsanani da guba mutuwar.

A mahimmin juzu'in da alkaloids a cikin physiological effects a kan wani mutum ne mai guba, da karfi, haddasa convulsions da mutuwa (strychnine, morphine, belladonnin). Wani sashi - narcotic mahadi da cewa sa buri. M, wani tunanin da kuma ta jiki (nicotine, maganin kafeyin, hodar Iblis). Saboda haka, wadannan mahadi bukatar yi da matsananci hankali da kawai amfani da shawara da kuma sayen magani.

A amfani a magani

A wannan yanki shuke-shuke dauke da alkaloids - shi ne dalilin da yawa m-bakan da kwayoyi, ko, a akasin haka, musamman sosai. Bisa ga irin albarkatun kasa ne shirye suppositories, infusions, Allunan, mafita ampoule. A mataki ne da nufin a lura da cututtuka na zuciya cututtuka, numfashi, juyayi da tsarin da kuma endings da shafi tunanin mutum cuta. Har ila yau, domin lura da tsarin narkewa kamar, kamar hana, oncological cututtuka, don kawar da barasa buri da kuma wasu yankunan.

Abin da ya ƙunshi alkaloids a cikin yanayi?

A vivo alkaloids dauke da magani ganye da kuma shuke-shuke. Yau an san okolo10000 sunayen wadannan abubuwa da kuma kusan dukkan su suna cirewa daidai daga irin albarkatun kasa.

A sassa na fungi, kwayan Kwayoyin, algae, echinoderms alkaloids samu. alkaloid mahadi da aka fitar daga yanayin wasu dabba Kwayoyin, amma su ne 'yan.

Saboda haka, shi ya bayyana cewa primary maroki, zama tushen wadannan abubuwa ga likita dalilai, mutum rayuwa, da masana'antu - su ne tsire-tsire dauke da alkaloids.

miyagun ƙwayoyi shuke-shuke

Mene ne wadannan shuke-shuke? Su ne, a gaskiya, da yawa zuwa ambaci duk. Duk da haka, za ka iya suna da ya fi na kowa, kuma akai-akai amfani da mutumin.

1. Ragwort ploskolistny - alkaloid platifillin da senetsifillin - magani mai kantad da hankali da kuma spasmolytic sakamako a kan jikin, amfani da su haifar da m medicaments.
2. Belladonna sylvestris daga iyali Solanaceae. Yana da muhimmanci sosai ga magani shuka. Belladonna alkaloids - atropine da belladonnin. Shirye-shirye dangane da ganye sinadaran kara kuzari da tsakiya m tsarin, ta da hankali da jiki aiki, kara yi da kuma jimiri. Mallaka spasmolytic da analgesic sakamako. Bisa daga wani tsantsa daga wannan shuka da aka kafa magani saukad, tinctures da kyandirori.
3. Belem baki. Cikakken m shuka, duk da sassa masu hatsari. Alkaloids - hyoscyamine da scopolamine. Amfani domin lura da neurological ailments da tashin zuciya.
4. Celandine. Yana da matukar kowa a cikin kasar shuka. Duk da haka, shi ya ƙunshi alkaloids Quinolizidine, pahikarpin, saponin, termopsin da sauransu. Very mai guba idan amfani improperly.
5. Alkaloids a tsire-tsire papaveraceous kidaya biyu dozin. Wannan opium, morphine, narcotine, papaverine, thebaine, codeine, da kuma sauran isoquinoline Kalam. Tasiri da kuma darajar dauke dabam.
6. Passionflower myasokrasnaya. Ya ƙunshi wani yawan alkaloids, indole Kalam. Yana yana da karfi da magani mai kantad da hankali sakamako.
7. Ergot. Musamman halitta da al'adun wannan m naman gwari cewa halaka shũka hatsin rai, ana amfani da su nuna karfi alkaloids. Yana ergotamine da ergometrine, da kuma wani nau'in 18. Amfani da magani (musamman a gynecology).
8. Rauwolfia serpentine - da tushen wannan shuka dauke da fiye da 50 alkaloids, amfani domin lura da cututtuka na zuciya cututtuka, ciki har da hauhawar jini.

Ganye da kuma shuke-shuke - mai da muhimmanci sosai yanki na zamani magani. Bayan duk, mafi yawan kayayyakin hada dogara ne a kan halitta raw kayan. Su da aka yi amfani da tun sau da ba rasa su dacewar ga mutane a yau. A akasin wannan, a kan lokaci, mutane sun fi okin ya gano da kuma gano da bangaren abun da ke ciki na irin shuke-shuke domin ya sami wani abu mai muhimmanci, wani abu da za su taimaka wajen warware matsalar da yawa m cututtuka.

Mafi na kowa alkaloid

Wadanda dauke su a wanda aka samu daga opium - codeine. Yana yiwuwa ware musamman sinadaran halayen na morphine. Idan aka kwatanta da karshen, shi ne mafi aminci don amfani, kamar yadda for m mataki. Duk da haka, da tasiri a matsayin analgesic, antitussive, magani mai kantad da hankali miyagun ƙwayoyi ba muni fiye da na morphine ko opium kanta.

Saboda haka, codeine-tushen kwayoyi ne sosai na kowa a magani da kuma ake amfani da mutane daga dukan ƙasashe. The kawai ya rage mata - shi ke sashi. Ya kamata a yi amfani ne kawai a kan shawara da kuma karkashin likita dubawa.

Opium da alkaloids

Opiates - kamar yadda a magani da kuma sunadarai kira duk opium alkaloids, wanda zai iya zama daga gare shi saniyar ware da kuma hada dogara ne a kan shi. Mene ne dangane? Abin baƙin ciki, su ne yanzu kusan kowa na lebe, kuma ba ko da yaushe suna da suna mai kyau da kuma cancanta, daidai aikace-aikace. Wadannan su ne alkaloids, kamar:

• morphine.
• papaverine.
• tabar heroin.
• codeine.

A magani, wadannan abubuwa suna amfani da antitussives, analgesics, sedatives. Codeine-tushen ko da halitta mai yawan magunguna ga colds a yara.

Duk da haka, mahadi kamar opium da tabar heroin, ana amfani ba kawai don magani dalilai, amma kuma a matsayin nauyi intoxicating kwayoyi. Sun sa m dogaro na jikin mutum da kuma a kan lokaci zai iya sa tsanani cutar da lafiya, ko da rayuwar mutane.