Menene enzymes

Duk wani mai rai gabar - shi ne mai cikakken tsarin, a cikin abin da kowane minti daya akwai wani sinadaran halayen. Wadannan matakai za su iya yi ba tare da sa hannu na enzymes. To, abin da suke enzymes? Mene ne rawar da suka taka a rayuwar da kwayoyin? Abin da suke? Mene ne ginshikai na su effects? Kasa ne amsa ga dukkan wadannan tambayoyi.

Menene enzymes?

Enzymes, ko, kamar yadda aka kira su, enzymes masu gina jiki gidaje. Wannan ilimin aiki abubuwa, wanda aiki a matsayin catalysts na sinadaran halayen. A gaskiya ma, cikin rawar da enzymes wuya a overestimate, saboda ba tare da su ba zai iya yin wani tsari a cikin kwayar halitta mai rai da dukan kwayoyin.

Kalmar "enzyme" da aka samarwa a cikin 17th karni sanannen sunadarai Helmont. Kuma ko da yake da girma malamai na lokaci ya fahimci cewa nama ne narkewar a gaban ciki ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da kuma sitaci ta yau karya saukar zuwa sauki sugars, babu wanda ya san abin da aka sa ta kama tafiyar matakai. Amma a farkon karni na 19th, Kirchhoff farko gano da salivary enzymes - amylase. A 'yan shekarun baya ya bayyana ciki pepsin. Tun daga nan, da kimiyya na enzymology fara rayayye ci gaba.

Menene enzymes? Properties da kuma tsarin ba da aikin

Domin a farkon shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa dukkan enzymes ne sunadarai ko dai a tsarkake nau'i ko gina jiki hadaddun. A ranar, da deduced amino acid jerin masu rinjaye na enzymes daga cikin jikin mutum.

Babban dũkiyar enzymes - wani babban bayani dalla-dalla. Kowane enzyme iya tsara daya kawai irin dauki. Alal misali, proteolytic enzymes iya kawai manne Hadin tsakanin amino acid sharan na sunadari. Wani lokaci daya substrate (abu daukan hotuna enzyme) zai iya shafar dama da fasali mai kama da enzymes.

Duk da haka, da enzyme iya zama na musamman ba kawai da dauki, amma kuma dangane da substrate. Mafi na kowa kungiyar bayani dalla-dalla na enzymes. Wannan yana nufin cewa a wasu enzyme iya shafar kawai a wasu rukuni na substrates da cewa suna da irin wannan tsarin.

Amma wani lokacin a can ne ake kira cikakkar bayani dalla-dalla. Wannan yana nufin cewa enzyme iya daura da aiki site na daya kawai substrate. Hakika, a cikin yanayin da wannan bayani dalla-dalla ne rare. Amma misali, za mu iya tuna da enzyme urease, wanda zai iya kawai tsara da hydrolysis da urea.

Yanzu mun gano cewa, irin wannan enzymes. Amma wadannan abubuwa za su iya zama quite daban-daban. Saboda haka, da suka yawanci classified.

rarrabuwa na enzymes

Kimiyyar zamani da sani fiye da dubu biyu enzymes, amma wannan ba daidai lambar. Domin kara saukaka, sun kasu kashi shida babban kungiyoyin, dangane da catalyzed dauki.

• Oxidoreductases - wani rukuni na enzymes cewa shiga a redox halayen. Yawancin lokaci, sai su yi aiki da ko dai gudunmawa ko acceptors na electrons da hydrogen ions. Wadannan enzymes suke da muhimmanci sosai, tun lokacin da matakai da hannu a cell metabolism da kuma mitochondrial numfasawa.
• Transferase - enzymes cewa suna da hannu a cikin canja wurin na atomic kungiyoyin daga daya substrate zuwa wani. Da hannu a cikin tsaka-tsaki metabolism.
• Lyase - irin enzymes iya lazimta a kansu da substrate daga atomic kungiyoyin ba tare da wani hydrolytic dauki. Kullum, a sakamakon wannan tsari samar da ruwa guda daya a ko carbon dioxide.
• Hydrolase - wani enzyme cewa catalyzes da hydrolytic tsakiyan nonon na substrate tare da yin amfani da wani ruwa kwayoyin.
• Isomerase - kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, wadannan enzymes tsara hira da al'amari daga daya isomeric form zuwa wani.
• Ligases - enzymes cewa tsara da roba dauki.

Kamar yadda za a iya gani, enzymes - wadannan suna da muhimmanci sosai ga jiki abu, ba tare da wanda tafiyar matakai na rayuwa ne kawai zai yiwu ba.