Coal masana'antu - matsaloli da al'amurra

An musamman muhimmanci na tattalin arzikin duniya shi ne ta man fetur da makamashi hadaddun. A rabo na makamashi kayayyakin a cikin duniya GDP ne a kalla 10%. A kudi na ta amfani da kara a kowace shekara, a gwargwado ga ci gaban da duniya babban samfurin. A manyan tushen samar da makamashi a zamaninmu ne gas, da man fetur, da kwal, man fetur shale da uranium. Man fetur da kuma iskar gas tukuna taka muhimmiyar rawa, amma su reserves suna hankali rage, da kuma wani wuri a tsakiyar wannan karni za a ƙãre ba. A lokaci guda, da kwal reserves zai šauki wani shekaru 200, har ma da mafi m samar.

Saboda haka, duniya kwal masana'antu ne mafi zama da mafi m. Yanzu game da 44% na wutar lantarki da aka samar da thermal ikon shuke-shuke yin amfani da kwal. Har ila yau, shi ne ba makawa a metallurgy a smelting na ferrous karafa. Mafi yawa daga cikin kwal sun mayar da hankali a cikin Asia-Pacific yankin, North America da CIS kasashe. Alal misali, kasar Sin yana da tara sassa na kwal reserves, da kuma Rasha - na shida. A Kazakhstan, shi mai karfi 3.6% na jimlar duniya reserves.

Jagoranci ci exporters ne kasashe irin su Amurka, Australia, Afirka ta Kudu, Venezuela da kuma Colombia. Har ila yau, wadannan sun hada da Canada, Indonesia, Poland, kasar Sin da Rasha. A ci masana'antu a cikin wadannan kasashe samar da duniya ke bukata kwal da 90%. Kuma babban shigo da wannan samfur ne wasu kasashen Asiya, kamar Japan, Taiwan da Korea ta Kudu, kazalika da mafi yawan kasashen na yammacin Turai.

Rasha ci masana'antu - shi ne 193,3 ya kai tan biliyan na tabbatar da ci reserves. Cikin wannan adadi, adibas na Anthracite, lignite, kwal da kuma coking kwal. A halin yanzu, ci ne mined a 16 kwal daruna, wanda rufe 85 birni abokai na Rasha Federation. A wannan yanayin, 58 municipalities ne cikakke ci-ma'adinai yankuna cewa kafa a kusa da ci Enterprises.

Yanzu da kwal masana'antu na Rasha Federation - ne 85 mahakar cewa shekara ba ga surface game da 383 ton miliyan na ci. Alal misali, 336 ton miliyan na ci da aka samar a shekarar 2011 a wadannan mahakar, wanda shi ne mafi girma tun lokacin da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. The most ci-ma'adinai tasa ne a halin yanzu da Kuznetsk tasa. Amma, baya daga Kuzbass, akwai da dama alamar adibas a Rasha. Yana cuts da Far East, Eastern Siberia da Kansk-Achinsk tasa. A ci gaba da wadannan filayen zai kara samar da Rasha kwal.

Amma a lokaci guda, da kwal masana'antu ne wani masana'antu matsala. Babban matsaloli hada ta raunin a wuraren aiki. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa wasu kasashen ciyar da kudi kadan, don tallafa wa wannan masana'antu. A sakamakon haka, akwai wani karancin kudi ga kariya daga aiki, da kuma wannan take kaiwa zuwa raunin da mutuwar hakar gwal. "Jagoran" a cikin wannan mahallin ne irin kasashen Rasha da kuma China. A mahakar daga cikin wadannan kasashe suna mutuwa a kowace shekara daruruwan har ma dubban mutane.

Ko a lokacin da kwal hako ma'adinai da kuma aiki zuwa haifar tsanani lalacewar yanayi. An hade da farko tare da m watsi da methane kunshe ne a cikin mahakar, cikin yanayin duniya. Har ila yau, aiki da kwal ba tsabtace muhalli tsari. Alal misali, a cikin shirye-shiryen da kwal coke ne mai tsanani ga wani zazzabi. A sakamakon haka, shi emits carbon dioxide da sauran cutarwa mahadi, kuma a cikin manyan yawa. Dukan waɗannan pollutants taimakawa ga greenhouse sakamako.

Amma, duk da cewa da halaye na ci masana'antu rufe da matsaloli da yawa, da masana'antu a duniya a yau shi ne har yanzu daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci. Coal ne yanzu daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin makamashi, kamar yadda ta reserves bã ya Wadãtar da shekaru masu yawa. Bugu da kari, Farashin ga shi barga da yawa m fiye da farashin ta kai tsaye musanya. Alal misali, yin amfani da man fetur da man fetur a thermal ikon shuke-shuke kudin 1.5 fi tsada fiye da yin amfani da kwal. Kuma idan a nan gaba ba za a ƙware sabon kafofin samar da makamashi, ta 2030 kwal zai zama babban tushen samar da makamashi.