Collective gawarwakin - menene wannan?

Daban-daban na kungiya Tsarin cikin su kullum ayyukan iya tare sarrafa. A saboda wannan dalili ne na gama gawarwakin - shi zai iya zama kamar yadda daban-daban majalisarku ko kwamitocin, da kuma sana'a kwamitocin. hukumar data kasance m ko wucin gadi, da daban-daban dalĩli matakin, daban-daban matsayi da kuma yin wani iri-iri ayyuka na kungiyar. Sau da yawa, wadannan hukumomi suna karfafuwa dauki yanke wasu shawara dangane da matakin da iyawa, suka kuma iya sarrafa nasu ko sanya wani Executive Director. Sau da yawa wadannan abokan aiki da su na yin shawarwari ayyuka, da barin shugaban sanar da farillai a kan batutuwa da dama.

A ra'ayi na collegiality

Kalmar "collegiality" da aka samu daga kalmar Latin collegium, wanda a fassara nufin "} awance". Collegiality ne na hali da dama kasuwanci da kuma} ungiyoyi masu zaman, da kuma daban-daban hukumomin gwamnati, ciki har da bangaren shari'a, da zartarwa da kuma majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyun siyasa, da kuma bayyana a matsayin hadin gwiwa tattaunawa kungiyar wakilai daga m tallafi na mai shari'a na da ra'ayoyi bayyana da bada shawarwari.

Majalisar na yawan mutane samun irin wannan bayani ne da ake kira "Board" ko "collegial jiki". Juri za ta yanke hukunci a kan batutuwa da dama (musamman ayyuka, da daidaituwa da aikin, da kawar da matsaloli) a wani taro da wata kungiyar na da izini jami'an ko wakilan.

Duk da kociya jiki na kungiyar tilas ne a ginannun: shi ne wajibi a gaban daftarin aiki a kan ta kafa da kuma guzuri a kan jirgin, kazalika da administrative ma'aikatan, wanda ya kunshi Sakataren da kuma shugaban. Kusan duk saduwa gawarwakin shiga yarjejeniya. Domin gudana ayyukan hukumar kõma sama da kuma amince da wani takamaiman shirin. By administrative takardun na collegial jiki ne duk wani nau'i na yanke shawara da farillai.

tarihi bayanai

Da bukatar fitowan collegial gawarwaki a tarihi, an sa ta cikin wadannan dalilai:

• bukatar sarrafa zartarwa reshe.
• cikin bukatun da duk mambobi ne na masu sauraro.
• da bukatar shari'a da wakilan majalisu.
• minimizing hadarin kurakurai a yanke shawara;
• gabatarwar m kwarewa da kuma ci-gaba da ilmi ba.

Kociya jiki - wannan shi ne akasin hadin kai na umurnin amfani a ciki har da kawar da mutum factor.

Hukumance tabbatar, cewa sosai farko kwamitin - wani ma'aikata na mulki, wanda ya zo da baya a IV karni BC a zamanin d Roma. A karkashin wadannan mahukunta da shi aka kafa ta a panel na goma mutane - decemvirs da ikon da majalisar dokoki. Da samuwar wannan institute shi ne jayayya bayani soma ga bukatun dukan azuzuwan al'umma.

Policy na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet ya kuma an mayar da hankali a kan halittar katakai da tafin kafa alhakin. A cewar VI Ulyanov (Lenin), wannan hade ne tabbacin ware na ra'ayin wani m da kuma hana kurakurai, da aikace-aikace na data kasance ilmi da kwarewa duk mutane da hannu a cikin tattaunawa da cikakken alhakin na wakilan, ta gabatar da wani na gama yanke shawara.

Iri collegial gawarwakin

mambobi na kungiyar tarurruka iya sarrafa tsarin siga da kuma yi, a shi da wani management ayyuka. A kan tushen da manufa, da kungiyar collegiate gudanarwa suna subdivided cikin shawarwari, controls da actuators.

shawarwari

A cikin jama'a gwamnati akwai shawara da jikin mafi sau da yawa, wanda sun hada da jama'a jirgin, hukumar da tukwici. The ayyuka jawabi ta hanyar wadannan tarurruka sun hada da tattaunawa da zabin for management dabarun, halitta da tambayoyi da kuma zabi mafi kyau mafita, bincike da kuma bincike na matsaloli sa'an nan gano hanyar fita.

Collegiality a cikin wannan hali taka muhimmiyar rawa: shi damar zuwa la'akari da ra'ayin kowane memba, wadda ta ƙunshi a cikin al'umma, da su shiga cikin gama kai da kwarewa da ilmi, don gano duk yiwu nuances na matsalar da dogaro a kan bukatun da kowane wakilin. Amma duk da cewa ya yi la'akari da al'amurran da suka shafi da kuma ci gaba shawarwari kulla tare da collegial management jiki, da karshe Bãbu hukunci daidai a kan shugaban ma'aikata.

controls

All wakilan hukumar mulki da daidaita wajibai da hakkin a cikin bincike na al'amurran da suka shafi cikin purview na Majalisar. Solutions ga wannan jirgi suna dauri a kan duk mambobi ne na kungiyar. Amma ko da da irin wannan shiri tsarin da hukumar hada da wani mutum wanda shi ne Shugaba na wanda shi ne m rahotanni da management jiki da kuma gaba daya ya yi ɗã'a ga shi.

Yawanci, wadannan kungiyoyin sarrafa ma'aikata a matakin qarshe (misali, game da haɗuwa da kafa ginin hadaddun). Irin jirgin iya la'akari da al'amurran da suka shafi a duniya matakin, ciki har da tsiyacewa da reorganization.

zartarwa

All actuators iko (tafin kafa, gama) motsa jiki na sarrafawa ayyuka na kasuwanci mahaluži management.

Mahalarta na gama jiki gangarawa da tafin kafa zartarwa dalĩli kai tsaye sarrafa kungiyar. A Darakta Janar na da wani dalĩli game da su wuce hukunci da kansa na kwarai.

Kansa da tafin kafa zartarwa jiki za aiki a madadin kungiyar a kan tushen da ta dokokina, yana da hakkin ya warware duk al'amurran da tafi fi karfin ikon da sauran gawawwakin da ma'aikata.

A matsayin misali, da zartarwa jiki zai iya sa da Board of Directors. Wannan collegial management jiki da ake amfani a kasuwanci kungiyoyin, manyan masana'antu da hukumomi, da damuwa da kuma sauran kasuwanci Tsarin. Shĩ bayani al'amurran da suka shafi na taimakon kudi, saya da kuma sayar da hannun jari, na zamani, da kuma bayar da iko da na yanzu aiki na da sha'anin.

A general, dangane da irin collegial jiki karshe selection yanke shawara ya auku ko dai ta hanyar zabe ko tafin kafa darektan. Nau'i na collegiality - shawarwari ko hukunci - ne m da doka ayyukan a jihar cibiyoyin ko kungiyoyi a shatan.

College of Public Administration

Public Administration jikuna an bai wa wani nau'i na ikon, wannan m cibiyoyin siyasa da wasu yanki na da tasiri da kuma bai wa jihar-imperious competences. Sun buga doka ayyukan da za a kashe compulsorily. Collective jikin janar iyawa, dauke da fitar jihar gwamnati ya samar da dubawa a kan aiwatar da yanke shawara riƙi a cikin hali na ba-yarda a yi amfani takunkumi ga warware. A lokaci guda, da ayyukan da ke jihar na'ura da aka iyakance a fili a waje ya iyawa kayyade dokokin, in je bayan cewa ba shi da dama.

Babban shugabanci siffofin sun hada da:

• da iko na gwamnatin.
• shigarwa a cikin jihar na'ura;
• aiwatar da manufofin da raga na kasar da sunan;
• dokokin jiha tsananin wajabta domin samuwar.
• takamaiman bambantawa tsarin da kuma wani matakin na iyawa.
• Rahoto zuwa jihar domin aikinsu,
• aiwatar da management.
• ganin na ayyuka na zartarwa da administrative jihar na'ura.

Iri-iri na jihar allon

Gwamnatin tsarin siga kasu kashi da yawa rassan, wanda, bi da bi, kuma ya hada da a cikin mambobi a wasu jirgin.

1. The zartarwa ikon ne halin da wadannan allon:

• majalisa a kananan hukumomi - kafa domin aiwatar da gida kai gwamnati.
• Majalisar ministocin kasar - da aka kafa ta misalin da Soviet majalisar ministocin.
• Ma'aikatar shawara;
• Majalisar ministocin - mafi girma na gama zartarwa jama'a dalĩli iko.

Dangane da yanayin da iko jarin da zartarwa jikuna an wadannan iri:

• jikuna na ha] in gwiwar iyawa, yin kowa da kowa duniyoyin da gwamnatin ayyuka (Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki).
• jikuna na janar iyawa, da suka hada da yankin gwamnatocin da gwamnatoci da cewa gudanar da subordinated ƙasa da kuma tabbatar da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da al'adu samuwar.
• Industry gawarwakin iyawa, iko daya daga cikin subordinated sassa (Ma'aikatar Lafiya).

2. A 'yan majalisa, a cikin ra'ayi na su kabila, kuma ya hada da na gama jikinsu. Su ne:

• A majalisar dokokin kasar, wanda aka samu a wasu kasashe.
• Majalisar Dattijai.
• Majalisar.

3. A tsarin da shari'a ikon na'ura hada da:

• High cancantar Board of Mahukunta, la'akari da membobinsu a cikin} asa.
• Koli Harkokin Shari'a ta kasa.

4. gama management jikin su ne da katako kuma fara yi hul] a 'yan jihohi a filin na siyasa tsakanin kasashe, kamar Arewa Atlantic Council - NATO ta jirgin.

College Ltd.

da kamfanin ya yi oda iya samar da samuwar al'ummu da iyaka abin alhaki da hukumar (dõmin ta kasance wata kwamitin gudanarwa ko kula), biye da kwanciya a kan ta iko da zartarwa hukumomin da kuma sauran ayyuka. Duk da haka, halittar wani jiki collegial ba da ake bukata kafun ga wanzuwar kungiyar.

Yawan 312-FZ na 30.12.2008, tabbatar da cancantarsa da collegial jiki na kamfaninsa, wanda ya hada da:

• tsari na ayyukan da kungiyar.
• da samuwar na zartarwa jikin na ma'aikata, ƙarshe na ikonsu da kuma canja wuri na IP hakkin, ko kungiyar.
• kayyade adadin lada batutuwa zartarwa tsarin.
• da amincewar duba, da lissafi na adadin binciken da sabis.
• shawara da kuma tallafi na ciki takardun.
• da kafa rassan da ofisoshin wakilci.
• bincike na al'amurran da suka shafi a kan yardar kasuwanci ma'amaloli, ciki har da manyan;
• warware matsaloli na shirye-shiryen da kuma rike da taron hadin gwiwa na duk mambobi ne na ma'aikata.
• Sauran al'amurran da suka shafi cewa ba su kunshe a cikin ikon yinsa, daga cikin doka damar da zartarwa jikinsu da kuma babban taron duk mambobi ne na ma'aikata.

A cewar dokar № 99-FZ suna da wasu matsalolin da za a warware a matakin da babban taron iya sallama zuwa ga tattaunawa jirgin. Ban da dokar ne: kyautatuwa da articles na jam'iyya, yabo da takardun da ba su bijiro da batun kafa, kara rabo babban birnin kasar ta jawo kudi daga waje, da samuwar wasu management jikinsu, da tsiyacewa da sha'anin.

Collective jikin janar iyawa, dauke da fitar mahukuntan kamfanin, na samar da mahalarta da kwamitin da wadannan hakkoki:

• sami bayanai kan ayyukan da ma'aikata, Unlimited damar zuwa lissafin kudi da kuma sauran takardun.
• kalubalantar Company ta ma'amaloli kan Tarayya Law a kan Limited Sanadiyyar Kamfanoni ko Mataki na ashirin da 174 na Civil Code.
• mai da'awar for diyya na asarar da lalacewa ta hanyar da kungiyar daidai da labari 53,1 na Civil Code.

Yawan 'yan zartarwa gawarwakin kada wuce kwata na gama mambobi daga cikin ikilisiya. Collegial zartarwa hukumomin iya nada wani mai duba, wanda, duk da haka, yana da wani hakki a kai da sauran collegial taron.

College of sojojin kasar

Ba na zuwa wasu jihohi, da wadannan shawarwari jikin su ne fitaccen:

• Kotun jami'in da girmamawa, da manufar wanda za a iya fahimta daga sunan - an halitta su kare mutunci daga cikin jami'an;
• soja majalisa - da sunan yana da tarihi asalin.

A cikin sojojin akwai kuma collegial zartarwa hukumomi. An misali ne ma'aikatar tsaron.

Manufa iko da dakarun, a duk ƙasashe dangane da hadin kan umurnin - tarurruka da ake gudanar a cikin nau'i na tarurruka da kuma masu shawarwari a yanayi. Domin tattaunawa game da halin da ake ciki da kuma data kasance soja umarni, shan la'akari da ra'ayoyi da duk naúrar shugabannin shirya tarurrukan ma'aikata a bangarori daban-daban na tsarin da kuma soja raka'a.

Akwai sau lokacin da jirgin matsayin haddi mutumin management sarrafa. Alal misali, a cikin kotun na girmamawa jami'in umartarku da ra'ayoyi ba su shafi da janar bayani daga cikin mambobi ne na taron, shugaban zai iya kawai daukaka kara.

a Education Management

A cewar Mataki na ashirin da 26 na Tarayya Dokar № 273 ilimi kungiyar yana gudanar da tafin kafa darektan - darektan, shugaban ko rector. A karshen doka bayyana tsara ilimi hukumomi, wanda ya kasu kashi m, kuma tilas ba ne.

Daga cikin tilas controls ne lura:

• kwamitin amintattu, wadda iko da kashe kudi na kudi da kayan agaji.
• Kula Board - Board, dauke da fitar da iko da kuma kulawa.
• Hukumar da ke Council, kunsha na iyaye da dalibai samun wajibi gwamnati mafita hukumar.

M gama management jiki na malamai 'yan majalisa, da aka tattara daga cikin malaman cewa shirya gudana al'amurran da suka shafi na ma'aikata a matsayin dukan da kuma na ilimi tsari, musamman game da ingancin dalibai' ilmi da basira na malamai. Kuma hada ganawa da yan shirye shiryen ma'aikata, to tattauna sana'a, aiki da tattalin game da dangantakar ma'aikacin-maigidan.

Abokan aiki a wasu yankunan

Wasu abokan aiki bai wanzu a matsayin na dindindin Hukumar Mulki. All nazarinsa faru kamar yadda ake bukata don magance takamaiman matsaloli.

Na gama gawarwakin kiwon lafiya tsarin - shi ne mai shawara ne mai tarin likitoci domin bincike da kuma magance kowane mutum haƙuri a hali na shawarwari.

Akwai addini hukumomi - shi ne:

• Ulama Council - Taron na Islamic State, wanda yana da ikon ba kawai don magance tambayoyi na limaman Kirista, amma kuma aiki a matsayin majalisar dokoki ikon tsarin.
• conclave taru a cocin Katolika na Kadina a zaben na Paparoma.

A daban-daban wasanni samarwa yi kimantawa na 'yan wasa dauki wani kwamitin alkalai (shari'a ko tawagar).

Rungumar, zamu iya cewa a gama Hukumar Mulki ne rukuni na mutane, baiwa da yawan ikon da al'amura a cikin ta iyawa. Dangane da wajabta a shatan na ma'aikata kamar College, da shawarwari iya zama na wani shawarwari ko dauri. Deliberative nau'i na collegiality ake amfani da su samar da takamaiman bada shawarwari ga m management. The hukunci nau'i na gama injects rayuwa sanya yanke shawarar ko da shugaban taron.

Collegium samu a kusan dukkan sassa na ayyuka na al'ummar dan Adam. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa co-al'amurran da suka shafi yana da abũbuwan amfãni mãsu yawa, kyale ka ka yi la'akari da moriyar dukkan wakilan, kuma minimizing hadarin blunders, wanda a general take kaiwa zuwa da tasiri da kuma yadda ya dace da matsalar ƙuduri.