Copper tama. Epoch a tarihin 'yan adam

Daya daga cikin na farko karfe, wanda ya koya wa aiki mutumin da aka jan karfe, ko Latin Cuprum (Cu). Ta rawa wajen ci gaban na wayewar dan adam ne kawai zai yiwu ba ga ƙara: dukan epoch a cikin tarihi da ake kira "Bronze Age" (tagulla - wani gami da kuza, da tagulla). Sami wannan kyau da kuma malleable karfe (jan launi - zinariya m) koya wa BC. The kalmomi "bornite", "chalcopyrite", "chalcocite", "covelline", "enargite", "cuprite" sauti kamar sunan wani abu sabon abu, amma a gaskiya sai ya kira wasu daga cikin jan-hali ores. A tushen wannan ƙarfe shi ne jan tama.

A yanayi, Cuprum iya zama a cikin nau'i na Nuggets da kuma nau'i na mahadi. Akwai da dama daban-daban na jan karfe ores, wanda abun da ke ciki za a iya raba sulfide, oxidized da kuma gauraye. Yawanci jan tama ne hadaddun, shi ya ƙunshi wasu abubuwa da mahadi - sulfides gubar, tutiya, nickel da sauran abubuwa. Bugu da kari, a cikin abun da ke ciki, akwai alama abubuwa - selenium, tellurium, cadmium, indium, da kuma kama. A wani kudin na wadannan karafa ne ba kasa da 50% na Cuprum, cirewa daga dutse.

Da aka fi amfani sulfide ores hada da Cu fili da sulfur. A bukatarsa jan samar kunshi dama jinsin, saukarwa. Babban Hanyar da samar da shi ne a pyrometallurgical.

Yawanci jan tama ƙunshi qananan adadin Cuprum, don haka irin baya hõre enrichment. A saboda wannan dalili shi ne pulverized, gauraye da ruwa da kuma wasu na musamman abu, sa'an nan sanya a cikin wani flotation na'ura. Akwai duk gauraye, sulphide barbashi tashi zuwa surface matsayin kumfa kuma kwashe, da sharar gida settles zuwa kasa.

A na gaba mataki na aiki, wanda daukan jan tama, da ake kira "smelting zuwa Matte." Don da tattara aka kara a cakuda da yashi, kuma mai tsanani har da karfe narkewa zafin jiki. Tare da irin wannan daukan hotuna sulfur aka oxidized zuwa sulfur oxide, da kuma narkakkar azurfa da aka tattara a cikin kasa daga cikin gagarumar wuta. Wannan narke aka zuba a cikin wani Converter kuma cikin ƙaho tare da iska. A sakamakon haka, a sakamakon da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na sulfur samu ƙarfe da tagulla, wanda aka zuba cikin molds. Bayan sanyaya wadannan ingots (a cikin abin da abun ciki na Cu ne 98%) aka saki sulfur dioxide. An tattara, da kuma nan amfani da wani feedstock for samar da sulfuric acid.

Don samun ake so karfe tsarki danyen jan dole ne a fuskanci refining. Shi ne na biyu iri - wuta, ko electrodeposition. Refining kuma iya zama da daraja karafa dauke a cikin sakamakon bororo da tagulla.

Wuta refining ne da za'ayi a cikin na musamman Tanderu, electrolysis ne da za'ayi a cikin baho sahu gubar ko roba roba.

Ga wuta refining sakamakon billet aka caje cikin ɓuyar kuma narke. Sa'an nan kuma fara bubbling iska ta hanyar ruwa karfe. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na impurities wuce a cikin slag, da kuma sauran ne sublimated da aka cire daga matoya gas. Oxidized ma Cuprum. All daraja karafa kasance a cikin narke. Farfadowa da na'ura oxidized jan auku a cikin hulda da carbon tushen wanda protrude gas cakuda paromazutnaya da t. D. Irin wannan aiki da aka kira hangula tagulla. Kamar wancan Cu aka gano carbon katako. Sai ingot simintin ko musamman anode faranti for electrolytic refining.

By electrolysis Refiners koma ga a cikin akwati inda jan karfe ne da za a yi amfani da wutar lantarki, masana'antu, ko kuma a lokacin da shi ya ƙunshi babban adadin daraja karafa (azurfa, da zinariya, platinum).

A electrolysis wanka cika da electrolyte, shi ne sanya a cikin wani mai ladabi da jan matsayin anode da cathode a matsayin m Cu, kuma yanzu an shige ta cikin wanka. A sakamakon haka, da cathode aka ajiye a kan m karfe (tsarki - har zuwa 99,95%).