Craft - a ... Iri sana'o'i. jama'a Crafts

Ana zargin craft da dama a farkon masana'antu da ayyukan mutum. Tun zamanin da, da aka sani rudiments na sana'a da ayyukan.

A ra'ayi na crafts

Craft - shi ne m aiki, dangane da yi na masana'antu abubuwa ta amfani da kananan manual aiki, rinjaye kafin ci gaban inji samar da ci gaba a shi.

Wani mutum wanda ya kasance mai sana'a manufacturer na abubuwa da ake kira mai sana'a.

Mene ne Folk Crafts

Folk crafts ake kira abubuwa, wanda aka sanya ta al'ada ya da kayan da sauki kayayyaki. Folk Crafts bambanta da m aiki, da kayayyakin da ake yi da hannuwansu, da kuma mafi sau da yawa daga halitta kayan ko kusa da su (itace, masana'anta, karfe, da dai sauransu). Wannan aiki da aka generated daga m crafts da aka sanya a lokacin da ya cancanta iyali abubuwa. Kamar yadda da art, crafts sun samo asali dangane da al'adu, addini, da kuma wani lokacin - ra'ayin siyasa.

craft tarihi

Craft yana da dogon tarihi na abin da ya faru. M al'ummomi sau da yawa tsunduma a cinikayyar cikin gida, masana'antu na dutse abubuwa, kasusuwa, da yumɓun, da itace, da dai sauransu Na gida craft - shi ne samar da kayayyakin da ake bukata domin aikin gona. A wasu wuraren, har yau wannan aiki ne mai muhimmanci.

Daga baya, mutane suka fara kai wani zaunar da hanyar rayuwa, akwai masu sana'a ne. Mutane da yawa sana'a yi aiki a kan tattalin arziki da filaye na sarakuna, haikali, gidajen lama da slaveholders (Ancient Misira, Ancient Roma, Ancient Girka da kuma kasashen Mesofotamiya). Asali an artisan aiki shi kadai, amma tun da shi ya ba da kananan samun kudin shiga, da maigida ya fara shiga a cikin ƙungiyar. Wadannan kungiyoyi da aka kira artels kuma dauki umarni daga jama'a. Wasu daga cikin artists ratsa garuruwa da kauyuka, yayin da wasu suka rayu kuma ya yi aiki a wuri guda. Arts and crafts a domin sun ba Yunƙurin zuwa fitowan da kuma ci gaban birane kamar yadda cibiyoyin handicraft ayyukan da cinikayya. Don wannan rana a al'umomi kiyaye titi sunayen, nuna zuwa wurin aiki na master. Alal misali, mai ginin tukwane - shi ya shirya da samar da kayayyakin sanya daga lãka, Fata - fata da aiki, samar da fata kayayyakin, Gyara na takalma, tubali - dauke da tubalin.

A tsakiyar zamanai akwai wani nau'i na sana'a craft. A cikin birane, wani sabon zaman jama'a aji - wannan birane sana'a. Babban rassan birni craft sun :. The yi na abubuwa sanya daga karfe, suknodelie, samar da gilashin kayayyakin, da dai sauransu Urban mayen mallaki irin wannan gata kamar yadda dama gari, craft shop, nasu 'yancin.

Da zuwan da juyin juya halin masana'antu , da yawa irin crafts ya rasa ta jagoranci a masana'antu, da masana'antu, ya fara amfani da na'ura. Yau, sana'a kiyaye su a masana'antu da shirya zuwa sirri bukatun abokan ciniki, da kuma a cikin yi da tsada art kayayyakin (taimakon masana yin takalma, Teloli, jewelers, artists, da sauransu.).

A tarihin crafts ci gaba a Rasha

The yawan Rasha birane sun fi mayar kunshi sana'a. Mafi yawan su suna tsunduma a bisa ƙirƙira samar. Daga baya, daga blacksmithing kafa aikin famfo. Its kayayyakin ne a babban bukatar a Turai. Production da makamai da kasaftawa Masters domin samar da bakuna, bindigogi, girgiza, da dai sauransu Armor Rasha sana'a aka dauke da wani tsari na girma fi Turkish, Syria da kuma Italiyanci.

A cewar bayanai daga tarihin, a 1382 a Rasha akwai bindigogi. A 14th karni shi kafa foundry (Fitar karrarawa). Tare da Mongol mamayewa samar shiga ƙi.

Kayan ado Making bauta da bukatun da aristocracy. Kiyaye kayayyakin (gumaka, da zinariya ɗamararku, crockery, littafin bindings) ya yi shaida da high kwarewa na kayan ado sana'a a fagen engraving, art simintin, bisa ƙirƙira, stamping da kuma mobile. A 14th karni fara minting tsabar kudi a dama Rasha mulkoki cewa kafa monetary cinikayya. A kasuwa kuma mai fadi da kewayon abokan ciniki da aka lasafta fata, shoemaking da kuma kumar kasko. Clay yi wani iri-iri na jita-jita, toys da kuma kayan gini. Bugu da kari, a Moscow da wasu birane da aka gina da dutse majami'u (yafi na fari dutse) da kuma kafa Agogon hasumiyar da yaƙi.

Works of artists sun gudummawar da devastation dawo bayan da Tatar-Mongol mamayar. Rasha crafts sun shafi shiri na tattalin arziki yanayi a cikin halittar Rasha Karkasa jihar.

Tun 1917, yawan 'yan sana'a a Rasha kika aika sharply, su a haɗe a cikin kera' hadin Amma yanzu Rasha crafts hada da dama duniya mashahuri jama'a art da sana'o'i.

Daban-daban da kuma irin crafts

Irin crafts kafa daga abu daga wanda abu da aka yi. Na dogon lokaci mutane san irin sana'a kamar:

• Blacksmithing.
• Sassaƙa.
• Sakar.
• Kumar kasko.
• Joinery.
• Kadi.
• Kayan ado.
• Baking.
• Tanning.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing - shi ne daya daga cikin na farko darussa da cewa sun fito a Rasha. Mutane sun yaushe mamaki, kallon da aikin wani mai maƙeri. Basu iya fahimtar yadda da launin toka mayen yi irin wannan ban mamaki abubuwa karfe. Al'ummai da yawa maƙera an dauke kusan mayu.

Tun da farko smithing ake bukata musamman ilimi da kuma musamman sanye take bita da wani yawa kayan aikin. Metal smelleded daga fadama tama, wadda ake mined a cikin bazara da kuma fall. Tsohon Rasha maƙera samar ga manoma sickles, plowshares, scythes, kuma ga sojoji - māsu, da takuba, da gatura da kibiyoyi. Bugu da kari, ya kamata ka ko da yaushe suna da ruwan wukake a farm kifi hooks, makullin da kuma kwa'di, needles, da dai sauransu

Yau, fasaha ci gaba ya da ɗan canza da kuma kyautata smithing, amma shi ne har yanzu a bukatar. Artistic Forging ado ofisoshin, Apartments, kasar gidãje, Parks, jama'a gidãjen Aljanna, shi ne musamman a bukatar a wuri mai faɗi zane.

kayan ado craft

Mai yin kayan ado ta craft - daya daga cikin tsofaffin a tarihin 'yan adam. Sanya na zinariya, da azurfa, da duwatsu masu daraja na dogon lokaci da aka dauke da wata ãyã daga ikon da dũkiyõyi na aristocratic aji. Back a cikin 10 - 11 ƙarni jewelers sun shahara ga da basira da fadin Turai. Mutane da tun lokacin ne wani m fan of kayan ado. Beads aka sanya daga daraja karafa ko canza launin gilashi, daban-daban dakatar kayayyaki (yawanci dabbobi), da azurfa haikali zobba cewa an dakatar daga headgear, ko saka a cikin hairstyle, zobba, da dai sauransu kolts

A 18th karni ya heyday na Rasha kayan ado art. Just a wannan lokacin, da sana'a da "zinariya da azurfa," An mai suna "mai yin kayan ado". A cikin karni na 19th Rasha Masters bayyana a cikin nasu style, don haka da cewa a yau Rasha kayan ado ne na musamman. Yana ta fara aiki ya zama shahararren kamfanin Grachev 'yan'uwa, Ovchinnikov da Faberge.

Yau, da yawan dangane da girma inganci fiye da more bukatar sosai kayan ado.

kumar kasko

An sani cewa tun da 10th karni a Rasha samar kumar kasko. Wannan ya yi da hannu, kuma a mafi yawan mace hannuwanku. Don kara da ƙarfi, kuma karko na samfurin zuwa lãka gauraye a cikin karami bawo, yashi, ma'adini, dutse, da kuma wani lokacin shuke-shuke da kuma kumar kasko shards.

A kadan daga baya akwai wani maginin tukwane dabaran, gudanar da aiki na ginin tukwane. Circle sa a cikin motsi na damtsenka, sa'an nan ƙafafunsa. A lokaci guda, da kasko ya zama tsunduma maza.

Industrial-sikelin kumar kasko kai a cikin 18th karni. A St. Petersburg da kuma daga baya, a Moscow, wani yumbu factory.

Abubuwan sanya ta zamani maginan tukwane har yanzu sha'awan. Yau kumar kasko - a rare aiki a yankuna da dama na Rasha, da kuma bukatar da yumbu aikin hannu kayayyakin ne kullum karuwa.