Criminal Law. Ware criminality yanayi

A rayuwa akwai yanayi a lokacin da hali na magana, a fili fadowa a karkashin laifin da a al'ada hali bada Yunƙurin zuwa laifi alhaki, shi abubuwa kamar a harkar amfani. A wani yanayi sakaci ko mataki na mutum yakan mallaki wani daban-daban ciki. Irin wannan halayya ba a rufe ta laifi dokar. Laifi defenses, zauna a wuri na musamman a shari'a rukunan. Tambayar da su gaban bayyana ne kawai a lokacin da irin wannan hali ne detrimental ga kare zamantakewa dangantakar da a Criminal Code (Special Part) rubuce daidai haramta a kan yin amfani da azãba. Yi la'akari da karfafa ra'ayi da kuma iri daban-daban yanayi precluding criminality.

Overview

A tsarin na yanayi precluding criminality, taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan aiwatar da kafa unlawfulness na hali da kuma m mutane. Kawai a cikin umurnin na 'yan majalisar ya gabatar da sabon ko shafe baya facts, bisa ga abin da cin zarafin fili ba bisa doka ba ayyuka iya kauce wa da aikace-aikace na bugun fanareti a game da kansu. Ra'ayi da kuma iri laifi defenses, tsara a cikin wadanda ba m matsayin. Wannan yana nufin cewa a kowane hali, da mutum zai iya zabi tsakanin da dama model na hali. A wannan yanayin, batun da aka ba wajabta uncontested da kuma fayyace halayya ayyukan. Wannan dabarar da cikakken nuna ka'idojin adalci da kuma bil'adama kamar yadda aka ayyana a Sec. 1 daga cikin manyan laifuka Code.

A ra'ayi na laifi defenses

Akwai kullum yarda definition daga cikin category a tambaya. Yanayi ban criminality da laifi alhaki saboda babu laifi da illegality - wannan mataki / sakaci, zahiri kamã da halayya ayyukan azurta a Criminal Code articles, bayyana a cikin lalacewar kare bukatun, amma shi ne aiwatar da kayadadden dama, bisa ga shari'a wajibai ko dereliction na wajibi, batun da yanayin da halaccinta.

rarrabe siffofin

A halin yanzu takamaiman articles na Criminal Code, samar da nasu laifi defenses. The darajar kowane daga cikin abubuwan da aka kimanta akayi daban-daban ga kowane hali daidaiku. A daidai wannan lokaci, akwai siffofin ga kowa da kowa irin wannan halayya ayyukan. Janar halaye na yanayi precluding da criminality na wani aiki, da wadannan:

1. Lokacin yin halayya ayyukan kayyade a cikin abu. 37-42 na Criminal Code, akwai ko da yaushe aiki. Irin ayyuka sa muhimmanci lalacewar kare bukatun, cewa shi ne, ga wasu, jihar ko al'umma. A wannan mahallin, tambaya taso game da yiwuwar azãba.
2. Halayyar ne kusan ko da yaushe akan harkar amfani dalili. A wasu yanayi, irin wannan karfafawar da aka jawo da waje dalilai. Alal misali, ban da criminality yanayi na iya tashi daga wani so su kare kansu daga hatsari hari ko kare daga harin da wani mutum, rike laifin, don a hana yiwu tsanani lalacewa, da sauransu. A wasu yanayi, da muradi bayyana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ciki shigarwa da kuma bayyana kwadayin cimma harkar m sakamakon.
3. Idan akwai yanayi, haramun, halayya ayyukan yi aiki a matsayin yanayi precluding criminality da laifi, administrative, ƙungiyoyin ko horo izni.
4. Lalacewar da ba yarda da haramun ce daga cikin yanayi kafa da Criminal Code, shi ne hukuncin. Duk da haka, a cikin ra'ayi na zaman jama'a mai amfani na nufi a lokacin da yin irin wannan halayya ayyukan, suna gane a matsayin babban laifi da mitigating yanayi.

tarihi bayanai

Laifi defenses, siffofin irin wannan halayya, a Soviet rukunan dauke a matsayin jam'i na wata iyaka yawan nagartacce. A wannan yanayin, tsohon majalisu ayyukan kafa mafi wannan irin articles. Saboda haka, a cikin Code of 1903 aka gyarawa hali precluding wrongfulness na hali da kuma laifin haddasa lalacewar. Na farko da kungiyar, misali, sun kunshi:

• Undershoot dace shekaru domin yin amfani da azãba.
• M cuta da sauransu.

Na biyu kungiyar da aka hada da:

• Gaggawa.
• Tursasawa.
• Dole tsaron gida.
• Kisa da oda, ko doka.

Bisa ga Criminal Code of 1996 zuwa laifi defenses, sun hada da:

1. Cũta a cikin aiwatar da kame mutane karya doka.
2. Dole tsaron gida.
3. Shafi tunanin mutum da kuma ta jiki kama-karya.
4. Gaggawa.
5. Kisa da oda, ko umarni.
6. M hadarin.

Bayan sama, da rukunan da kira da kuma sauran al'amura precluding laifi yi. Suna musamman shafa yarda, wasan kwaikwayon na sana'a da aikinsu, da aiwatar da kayadadden hakkokin da sauransu.

jigon

Laifi doka muhimmanci na ma'aikata bayyana a cikin:

1. Wariya da azãba a gaban haramun ce da hali.
2. Softening takunkumi a lokacin da aikata ayyukan da farko kamar yadda precluding laifi jajirce hali, amma ba baya zama kafa dangane da take hakkin iyaka halaccinta, ko saboda wasu dalilai (sai Art. 40 hr. 1 CC).
3. Aikace-aikace na hukunce ga wucewa da iyakoki da m lalacewa.

A karshen arziki shafi kawai ga wasu ayyukan hali ban criminality.

gargajiya events

By da yanayi precluding criminality, yana nufin dama yanayi. Duk da haka, mafi yawansu ba su shiga gwada da sabon dokokin. Traditional dalilai sun hada da kariyar kai. Masu bincike da nazarin tarihin wannan ma'aikata, nuna hali ya fadada da amfani. Kariyar kai matsayin shã'aninku precluding criminality, farko da aka ambata a farkon shekara ta 1919. Wasu daga cikin wuraren a cikin wata iyaka da lambar da aka yi amfani da Criminal Code of 1922. A farkon 1924 karin bayanai da ikon yinsa, daga cikin na farko ayyuka na Cibiyar an muhimmanci kumbura. Musamman zama dole tsaro a matsayin shã'aninku precluding criminality, nasaba ba kawai hali wakĩli a kansu da sauran abokai daga wanda cire hatsarin. The Code aka gabatar nassoshi da kuma a kan kariya daga cikin bukatun da Soviet jihar, da juyin juya halin Musulunci domin iko. Wannan halitta ne duplicated a cikin art. 13 Code na RSFSR Criminal Code of 1926, kamar yadda na yanzu a yau ya hada shi da laifi a cikin defenses. RF - bin doka da oda, a cikin abin da yanayi na yarda da doka. Wannan aiki ya ta'allaka da daban-daban gabobin da kuma jami'an kasar. Domin su, da aiwatar da kariyar kai abubuwa a matsayin dereliction na wajibi. Kin amincewa da kwangila da kanta ne rashin ladabi entailing dace azãba.

m yanayi

Behavioral ayyukan kare kansa ko wasu mutane, bukatu na jihar, za a iya aiki a matsayin mai laifi defenses, kawai a wasu lokuta. The dokokin articulates da ake bukata domin yanayin da ba-aiwatar da a kalla daya daga wanda yake shi ne batun dalili daina zama harkar amfani, kuma da dama a karkashin manyan laifuka Code. Saboda haka, dole ne hari harkar m, real tsabar kudi. Dama zuwa kariya taso idan wani barazana encroachment a kan kare kadarorinsu. Yawancin lokaci, tsaro faruwa a hukuncin laifi hali na wani mutum. Alal misali, kariya ne da za'ayi ta tunani kokarin kisan kai, sata adam, da fyade mace fashi passer da sauransu. Cash hari yakan haifar da wata farkon ko gabatowa lokacin da ya aikata shi. A hari ya zama nan da nan, kuma babu makawa ya sa m lalacewar al'umma. A kafa laifi la'akari da gaskiya daga cikin hare-haren. Ƙeta dole ne real, ba zato ko ran.

Damage a lokacin kama da laifin

Wannan hali ne da kuma wani ɓangare na laifi defenses. Domin wannan rukuni, kafa ta sharuddan na haramun ce. Suna nan kamar haka:

1. Da ake tsare dole ne a nuna a game da wani mutum wanda ya aikata wani aiki da cewa da dama a karkashin manyan laifuka Code na mataki, ba sauran Code. Makasudin shaida na yi dole ne indisputable, a bayyane da kuma bayyana.
2. A amfani da tashin hankali ne halatta kawai a cikin yanayin da m imani da cewa wannan batu ne da laifi. Alal misali, sa'ad da wani mutum da aka kama ja-mika a scene, mãsu shaida su nuna shi a gare shi, a cikin Apartment, ko a kan tufafinsa zai zama burbushi na yi, da sauransu. A matsayin dalilin da ake tsare da hidima da tofin ko domin search.
3. A lalacewar sa ga mutum iya kawai idan akwai wani real barazana ga ta kin biyan daga azãba. Game da wannan hadari na iya nuna, misali, juriya, ba-cikar bukatun na wani jami'in 'yan sanda, yunkurin kuɓuta, kuma haka a.
4. Kawai wata cũta za a iya sa ga Dalilin da ya hana fita domin daga baya tsĩrar da su da ya dace iko. A wannan yanayin, shi mur da damar kubuce alhakin, da kuma lalacewar yi hidima a matsayin hanya don cimma wannan manufar. Lokacin da rauni ga 'yan banga gaskiya ko don cimma wasu kwallaye shi hasarar da halaccinta. A wannan yanayin da mutum yin amfani da tashin hankali, hõre azãba karkashin manyan laifuka Code.
5. Matakan da aka dauka a lokacin kama, dole ne su kasance proportionate ga hadari da yanayin da laifi kuma mutum aikata wannan laifi. Alal misali, rashi na rayuwa daga cikin batun, wanda yake ƙoƙarin tserewa, an dauke istinbadi kawai idan ya aikata kisan kai, da aka yi garkuwa-shan, da za'ayi wani aikin ta'addanci da sauransu.
6. A yanayi na matakan dauka a lokacin kama dole ne bi da yanayi a karkashin wanda shi ne da za'ayi. A wannan yanayin, la'akari da tsanani da kuma juriya kauda hanya, da yawan ATC masu laifi da kuma ma'aikatan lokaci (dare / rana), da kuma scene, gaban da yiwuwar ake ji mai taushi da kuma m wajen.

gaggawa

Wannan category ne a cibiyar akai muhawara. Duk da cewa wannan ma'aikata ne wani ɓangare na gargajiya ayyukan hali precluding criminality, da magani daga definition ne batun m kimantawa. Farko, kuma farkon masana batu rata unreasonableness misali abu da kuma ajiye shi ba kawai a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 39 na Code, amma kuma da arziki game da m da kuma ta jiki da azabtarwa (art. 40, ch. 2). A karshen harka, akwai wani halitta na wani takamaiman fasali na gaggawa, fãce nassoshi takamaiman tushen hadari. Wannan ba shine kawai batun rage a cikin ka'idar da yi na warware matsalar. Saboda haka, dokokin baya tsayar da sharudda ga m dokar kimanta exceedances na da iyaka cikakken zama dole.

bayani daga cikin definition

Kamar yadda wani gaggawa ne dauke da wani yanayin a cikin abin da kyama barazana wanzu ga istinbadi bukatu na musamman mutane ko wasu abokai, kazalika da jama'a da kuma jihar, shi ne da za'ayi tare da wani rauni ga sauran mutane. A wannan yanayin, don gamsar da yanayin da cewa a cikin data kasance halin da ake ciki, da hatsarin ba za a iya shafe ta da kuma wasu hanyoyi, da kuma lalacewar ne ma kasa da zai zama haka al'amarin ga sakaci. A irin wannan yanayi, yanayi precluding criminality a mafiya yawa daga harkar amfani. A hatsari cewa fitowa ne daga wadannan ko wasu kafofin, ya kamata:

• Barazana ga 'yancin mutum, jama'a, da jama'a, da mutum ta kiwon lafiya.
• Zama tsabar kudi da kuma real.
• Zama a cikin wani yanayi inda wasu hanyoyin, ba nufa lalacewa, shi ne ba zai yiwu a kashe shi.

kama-karya

Yana iya zama shafi tunanin mutum ko ta jiki. Tilastawa irin wannan da aka kayyade Art. 40 daga cikin Code. Wannan hujja riko da wani wuri na musamman a cikin dukan. Tilasta haddasa cutar da maslahohin da kariyar dokar, a lalura yana exculpatory yanayi. Wannan substantiates da rashin laifi takunkumi da kuma hadewa da sauran al'amura cewa ware alhaki. Kamar yadda wani takamaiman alama a wannan harka shi ne barnar da mai shanyayyen ko iyakance nufin da rashin jama'a mai amfani hali.

Description na

Mataki na ashirin da 40 maida hankali ne akan lokuta da isa da dokoki ko ayyuka na karfi majeure ko gaggawa. Idan batu na jiki kama-karya ba sarrafa su da halayensu, da cewa shi ne, don a yi zaben ayyukan, da kuma game da shi ya sa lalacewar kare bukatun, da azãba ba za a iya amfani. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mutum ya amsa ko tsallake su yi aiki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar karfi majeure dalilai, karfi majeure. Wannan, bi da bi, bayar da laifi kuma motsa hali. Alal misali, hade matsara ba zai iya yin bypassing da ƙasa wakkala a gare shi. Shafi tunanin mutum da kama-karya ne ko da yaushe dauke m. Wannan bayani da cewa, ko da mataki na tsanani da mataki, da batun wanda aka kiyaye shi da ikon sarrafa su halayya ayyukan. Shafi tunanin mutum da kama-karya za a iya bayyana barazanar yin amfani da tashin hankali, sa halin kirki / abu lalacewa da sauran gargadi da cewa za a iya kashe nan da nan. Yiwu ma da tasiri kai tsaye a kan kwakwalwar da psychotropic abubuwa, hypnosis, beeps da sauran. Kamar yadda manufar irin ayyukan kama-karya zuwa ga sa mutum so su cutar da maslahohin da kariyar doka. A cikin hali na m (shafi tunanin mutum) tasirin da batun zaban tsakanin barazana lalacewar da waɗanda ke buƙatar shi don kawar da data kasance barazana. A wannan connection, a lokacin da la'akari da ayyukan yin amfani da dokokin da cikakken zama dole. Kamar yadda hankula misalai iya bauta, musamman, da ayyuka na kashiya cewa yana biya kudi attacker barazanar da shi da makami, da darektan da banki kungiyar, wadda a karkashin azabtarwa ba da key zuwa kantin sayar da sauransu.

m hadarin

Ya ƙunshi haɗarin hatsari mai yiwuwa ga abubuwan kare su don cimma burin da ake amfani dasu. A lokaci guda kuma, babu wani yiwuwar samun wannan sakamakon ta hanyar da ba dama, ma'ana. An yi la'akari da yiwuwar mutum ya nemi, kalubalen (alal misali, a cikin tsarin jagorancin sabon fasaha don samarwa, ƙaddamar da hanyar ingantaccen hanyar maganin, da sauransu). Kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da damar da za a gudanar da bincike. Ba kome ba ne abin da yanayin da yake ciki. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa Code Criminal Code ta 1996 ta yi amfani da batun "barazanar barazana". Ana iya fadada ikonsa a cikin Code na yanzu. A matsayin tushen da ya haifar da yiwuwar haddasa lalacewa a wata hadari mai hatsari, ayyukan da ke tattare da ɗayan kanta, wanda ya ɓace daga ƙaddara kuma an yarda da shi cikakkun bukatun tsaro lokacin da ya cimma burin ababen rayuwa, aiki.

Yanayi don doka

Suka tafasa zuwa ga wadannan:

1. Damage ga bukatun da aka kiyaye ta hanyar lalacewa ta haifar da halayen mai haɗari, wanda ake nufi don samun samfurori mai amfani.
2. Manufar da mutum ya bi yasa ba za'a iya cimma shi ba ta hanyar wasu, aminci yana nufin.
3. Sakamakon da ya zama mummunan zai iya fuskantar hadarin kawai kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma tasirin ayyukansa.
4. Halin mutum yana dogara ne akan basira da ilimin da ke ciki, wanda ya dace a cikin wani akwati don hana haɗarin lalacewa.
5. Maganar ta dauki duk matakai masu dacewa, a cikin ra'ayi, don hana cutar.

Aiwatar da tsari / tsari

A matsayin yanayin da ya hana aikata laifin, wannan hali an saita shi a karo na farko a CC na yanzu. Duk da haka, a aikace, an kusan kusan la'akari da shi a cikin cancanta na halayyar ƙirar ma'aikata waɗanda suka yi aiki ko umarni na manyan su. Wannan yanayin yana dauke ne a duniya. Yana ƙarawa ga duk wani lalacewa lokacin aiwatar da buƙataccen buƙata a kowane bangare na ayyukan zamantakewa.