Da ma'ana da tsarin nazari: mataki-mataki jagora

Bisa ga siffofin da dokokin na tunani, ma'ana Hanyar hada da hanyoyin da wajen gudanar da bincike da kuma bayani. Ana iya amfani da kuma amfani ga nazarin wani m iri-iri na tarbiyya. Ma'ana Hanyar Dialectics daidai da jari a cikin ka'idar ilimi, da kuma m, misali, shi ne na musamman hanya a cikin ci gaban doka gaskiya, da kuma wasu fannonin ilmi.

dama

Godiya ta zuwa ga na musamman siffofin da azanci, da shari'a da ƙasa ne mafi m ga aikace-aikace da kuma yin amfani da dabaru. Saboda a nan akwai aka ƙa'ida a tsare, m da kuma tsananin ajali tsarin, wanda ya hada da wani yawa na ma'anar da majalisu da shirin, m ga dokokin kafa sharuddan (ta hanyar mafi kusa HALITTAR, jinsunan, bambanci, kwayoyin kafiya, ta hanyar da bayanin umarnin da sauransu), ma'ana Hanyar a cikin filin na dokar da kanta cikakken bayyananne kanta. Kowane dokar dabaru - da kuma sabani na ainihi, isa dalili, cire uku - nuna babban fasali na wannan hanya. Key matakai da hanyoyin (musamman tilasta doka da kuma dokar-yin matakai) suna gina tsananin bisa siffofin tunani - dokoki na aiki inferences, farillai, Concepts.

Da ma'ana Hanyar da aka yi amfani da a mataki na babban ma'anar: doka na kullum - a shari'a cewa ya cika dukan bukatun da hukunci a general, da kuma aikace-aikace na shari'a, domin halin da ake ciki, ko da wani takamaiman mutum - a syllogism, cewa shi ne, deductive tattaunawa, inda doka - babban Jigo, da shawara na harka - aika wani karami da kuma yanke shawara a kan yanayin da ake kammala. Tun zamanin da ne a cikin arsenal na dokar misalin, hanyoyin da hujja da kuma dabaru ayyukan. Yi amfani da ma'ana da tsarin nazari a cikin nazari da kuma bayani na mulki ne na wajibi. A Iyakar hanyar gujewa saba wa juna a cikin majalisu gini up wani tasiri tsarin na dokar, inda tabbatacce (data kasance) dokar ta amince da dukan bukatun daga cikin halitta, kazalika don su iya daidai yi amfani da doka nagartacce.

Common ma'ana hanyoyin: analysis

Akwai kira, analysis, idealization, abstraction, cire, hakan, misalin, shigar da, tallan kayan kawa, kuma extrapolation jarrabawa daga ma'ana da hanyoyin da ilimi na tafiyar matakai da kuma mamaki, haƙiƙa duniyar abubuwa.

Fara mai ma'ana Hanyar bincike (ilimi) tare da bincike, wato, tare da jadawalai, analysis, dissection daga cikin abu karatu. Wannan dabara da aka kewaye a cikin shafi tunanin mutum ko kuma m parsing abun da ke ciki abubuwa - da siffofin, Properties, tsarin sassa, bayan da kowane kashi dole ne a raba nazari a matsayin wani ɓangare na dukan. Analysis yana da daban-daban irin dangane da takamaiman abu wanda ake hõre karatu. Kimiyyar zamani daukan cikin sabis tsarin bincike - da tsarin kula da abu a karkashin binciken a matsayin wani tsari tsarin, inda da abubuwa masu inseparably da organically interlinked da shafi juna.

ma'ana analysis hanyoyin hada da methodological tsarin kula da 'ya'yan itatuwa na fahimi aiki, wato, da binciken na mutane ta ilmi, duk siffofin da iri, tare da ilmi da aka bayyana a harshe na halitta da kuma wucin gadi wajen, bisa dokokin da dabaru. Alal misali, ta hanyar nazarin al'umma a matsayin dukan tsarin, tsanaki analysis ne zuwa kashi al'amurran siyasa, tattalin arziki, halin kirki, shari'a, da kuma kamar, inda kowane bangare na zamantakewa zama da kuma sani da aka bincika dabam. Da ma'ana Hanyar ilmi ta hanyar bincike da bayyana tsarin abubuwa - iri, iri, matakan ilimi tsara takamaiman rubutu. Next kafa da dangantaka, da gaskiya ko falsity na kalamai, ya bayyana da na ra'ayi na'ura cewa aiwatar da ilimi, kafa da inganci, daidaito da kuma tushe na ilimi.

kira

Kira - wani ɓangare daga cikin bincike, ba tare da wanda bãbu tsarin da kuma ma'ana hanya. Ta hanyar kira na duk samuwa ilmi ne a hade a cikin dukan. Akwai doka regularities da kuma dokokin tsara a kan tushen da sirri da bincike, duk da postulates na janar ka'idar jihar da kuma dokar, kazalika da musamman interdepartmental da kuma sashe doka ka'idar.

Yake tunanin mutum ko da yaushe yana amfani da ma'ana hanyoyin, da kuma bincike da kuma kira ne ko da yaushe m. Yana iya a lura a lokaci guda analytical da kuma roba hanyar tunanin mai kyau lauya - Ministan Shari'a, lauya, mai hukunci, binciken. Sana'a aiki, misali, da alƙalai, haƙĩƙa samar da wani bincike na duk kayan sallama zuwa ga kotun, sa'an nan a kan tushen da nazarin da suka karanta da kuma saurari, suka wallafa wani shafi tunanin mutum da cikakken hoto na harka. Kamar wancan ne da karin dogaro da juna na bincike da kuma kira taimaka daidai da m hali na fitina.

abstraction

Janar kimiyya dabaru dabaru za a iya supplemented da abstraction (abstraction), wanda shi ne mai aiwatar da shafi tunanin mutum da fashewa daga wasu janar ko takamaiman Properties, dangantaka, halayen da batun a karkashin binciken, kamar yadda yake a halin yanzu ba wakiltar musamman sha'awa. Aristotle - kafa na ra'ayi -traktoval abstraction matsayin wani tsari na rabuwa da duk mai haɗari da sakandare na jimlar da kuma shugaban. Yanzu ajalin amfani ne da yawa da fadi. Wannan kimiyya da kuma ma'ana Hanyar a yau da kullum da kuma a cikin ilimin kimiyya, da kuma wanda algorithm, kuma domin da hanya bisa ga dokoki na abstraction shagala, shi ne gina m abubuwa a kimiyya da ilmi ba. Jigon wannan hanya shi ne ba kamar yadda mai sauki kamar yadda alama. Da farko shi wajibi ne, sake, wani cikakken nazari na ainihi abu, sabon abu, ko tsari, singling fita a shi wani iri-iri na halaye, halaye, Properties, sa'an nan share ajiye duk sakandare.

Wannan shi ne tsarin ilmantarwa da kuma sakamakon. Wannan shi ne, aiwatar da bincike - binciken na mamaki da kuma abubuwa, da kuma manufa shi ne a gane takamaiman halaye. A sakamakon haka ne guda - da ilmi tsiwirwirinsu, a cikin Categories, Concepts, ideas, ra'ayin, theories, dokokin. Alal misali, dabaru iya watsi da ƙasa da muhimmanci mutum siffofin lokacin da nazarin hanyar da mutum tunani, da kuma janar na kowa to duk batutuwa, daukan la'akari. A lauya, misali, tunani ne kayyade doka norms, don haka ne abstracted daga dukan manifestations na dangantakar da jama'a, da kuma nazarin da farko doka, t. E. Sai kawai abin da aka izini da kuma kayyade doka ta.

idealization

Wannan irin abstraction taimaka wajen haifar da manufa abubuwa. A ra'ayi na wani idealized abu ya bambanta daga sauran Concepts cewa tare da real abu siffofin ake gane da waɗanda waxanda suke da nisa daga ainihin dũkiyarsu da kuma a cikin m siffar a cikin gwajin batutuwa ba ba a duk. idealization da wannan hanyar a zamani sciences ne msar tambayar abubuwa da taimakawa gina tattaunawa da karshe game da na zahiri data kasance batutuwa. Wannan lokaci da aka yi amfani da hanyoyi biyu - kamar yadda wani tsari da kuma a sakamakon, wanda shi ne ma sosai kama da hanyar da bincike. A farko darajar aka fahimci kamar yadda shafi tunanin mutum idealization idealized abu halitta a lõkacin kafa idealized zaton, Ina nufin yanayin karkashin abin da za a iya bayyana da kuma bayyana ta abu a zahiri wanzu.

A sakamakon wannan tsari akwai idealized Concepts da kuma dokokin, wanda ake kira ma'ana gina. Kamar yadda wani misali na idealized abu zai iya haifar da manufar bin doka da oda. A ra'ayi ne a can, amma da bin doka da oda a cikin nau'i a wadda ta ne fiye gane, ba ya wanzu ba tukuna. Duk da haka, da lauyoyi suna amfani da wannan ra'ayi don gina muhawara da kuma zana karshe game da ayyukan da na wasu real-duniya abokai, kamar jihohin, a kan filaye cewa shi ne doka muhimmi zuwa: na asali kare hakkin dan adam ne tsarin mulkin kasar da kuma bin doka, da dokokin mallaka a cikin jihar da kuma jama'a rayuwa, hali da bin doka kare, da sauransu.

Hakan, shigar da kuma cire

Shi ne a aiwatar da hakan a kafa m shiriritar, theories da Concepts. Wannan hanya ne shari'a ilmi iya zama a cikin nau'i na generalizations dogara ne a kan bincike na sana'a da kwarewa a takamaiman lokuta, a cikin hanyar samar da doka ka'idar da msar tambayar hakan na m yi, da aiwatar da doka aiki, a cikin nau'i na generalizations masana'antu empirical ka'idar doka.

Shigar da kuma cire hanyoyin su ne ma'ana ilimi amfani da search karshe daga shigar data. Duka hanyoyin su ne mana nasaba: cire taimaka wajen zana karshe daga msar tambayar ideas, dokokin, ka'idoji, kamar yadda yake da alaka da jeri na idealized abu, da kuma shigar da takaita empirical regularities. Ilimi wanda ake samar da shigar da, suna ne kawai da wani da ake bukata kafun ga zargin sabon ilmi - demonstrative, wanda an riga an zama msar tambayar gaskata ga m gaskiyar.

A misalin, extrapolation

Misalin - daya daga cikin mafi inganci hanyoyin da fahimi tsari. Tare da taimakon da babban binciken a kimiyya da aka yi. Jigon shi ne cewa wasu kaddarorin da kuma halaye suna canjawa wuri daga daya abu zuwa wani nazari a cikin wannan hanya da jũyarwa dangantaka da alaka tsakanin daya da kuma sauran sets of abubuwa.

Extrapolation - wani irin shigar da, hakan kuma misalin, wannan hanya ne yadu amfani a kusan duk kimiyyar. Ingantaccen halaye propagate daga daya yankin zuwa wani abu, daga baya zuwa nan gaba daga yanzu zuwa nan gaba, gwada yawa halaye an canja shi a cikin wannan hanya, wasu yanki na gwaninta farke tare da wasu kamar ilmin lissafi shigar da hanyar misali. A mafi yawan lokuta, extrapolation Hanyar da aka yi amfani da domin hasashen gaskata ilmi canja wurin a wasu batun yankunan. Lauyoyin da wani misalin dokar da misalin dokar.

kwaikwaiyo jarrabawa

Tallan kayan kawa a kimiyyar zamani da ake amfani sosai rayayye don gano hanyoyin samun sababbin kimiyya da sakamakon. Jigon wannan hanyar a gina wani model cewa karatu da zamantakewa ko na halitta abubuwa. A karkashin tsarin da aka amince da su fahimci abubuwa da yawa, zai iya zama: akwatin tilbijin na analog hanya, irin tsarin, ka'idar, duniya view, fassarar algorithm da yafi. Idan ba shi yiwuwa a karatu kai tsaye da abu, da model na umurni maimakon wani kwaikwayo na asali. Alal misali, an gudanar da bincike gwaji.

A cikin jarrabawa (jarrabawa), a matsayin hanyar amfani a cikin ma'anar matsala ilimi ko ra'ayin mu hada sa na ilimi a cikin su tsarin. Legal mataki amfani da jarrabawa a duk da ma'ana: gina zato matsayin shaida na wani abu, sabon abu, ko tsari, tare da girmamawa ga matsalolin da Hasashen na nan gaba. A wannan data iya zama wani abu don a yawan shiriritar, da ake kira version. Amfani da wannan hanya domin na bincike da bincike.

M-ma'ana Hanyar

Ilimi daga cikin gaskiyar da gwada fitarwa taimaka wajen samun dokokin m dabaru. A baya can kafa gaskiyar wadda su ne tushen da binciken, ba ya bukatar samun kwarewa na kowane batu, kamar yadda na ilmi samu ta hanyar aikace-aikace na dokoki da kuma dokokin tunani. Koma bayan tunanin hanyoyin da bincike hada duka biyu gargajiya da kuma ilmin lissafi dabaru.

Farko ga samun sabon binciken yana amfani da bincike, kira, shigar da, cire, abstraction, jaddadawa, da kuma gwada misalin. A ilmin lissafi, kuma ya kira m dabaru zartuwa ga m dabaru matsaloli mafi tsaurara hanyoyin amfani a lissafi. Musamman dabara harshe iya mayalwaci bayyana ma'ana da kuma shaidar da tsari da kuma gina wani tsaurara kuma daidai ka'idar, da ake ji bayanin farillai a su fadada - da bayanin tattaunawa.

tarihi hanyar

Quite daban-daban da bincike hanyoyin amfani da su yi da msar tambayar ilmi kunno kai da kuma hadaddun abubuwa da ba za a iya buga ta da kwarewa. Alal misali, talikai. Yadda za a gani da samuwar, The Origin of Species, kuma fitowan da wani mutum? Ga taimaka tarihi da kuma ma'ana hanyoyin da cognition. A tarihi hanyar tunanin su shiga cikin real labarin da iri-iri na ta ƙayyadaddu, gane tarihin asali, kuma wajen tunani da sake tarihi tsari, m da ma'ana juna na ci gaba.

Same dabaru gano alamu a wani hanya. Ya ba ya bukatar kai tsaye bincika ci gaban real tarihi, ya bayyana yarda da zahirin gaskiya na nazarin tarihi tsari a mafi matakai na raya kasa, inda aka matsa mayar da tsarin da kuma aiki na tarihi juyin halitta daga cikin mafi muhimman siffofin. Wannan hanya ita ce mai kyau a cikin ilmin halitta, wanda aka maimaita a cikin yanayin halitta na juya na phylogeny. Kuma tarihi da kuma ma'ana hanyoyin wanzu kamar yadda hanyoyin gina zalla msar tambayar ilmi.