Daular Ming na kasar Sin. daular Ming

A sakamakon haka, da baƙauye tawaye Mongolian gwamnatin da aka kifar. A wuri na zamanin daular Yuan (dan hanya) zo zuwa daular Ming (1368 - shekarar 1644 gg.). Tun karshen XIV a. Sin wanda ya shahara ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma al'adar. A tsohon birni suka fara samar, akwai kuma sabon, wanda aka mamaye harkokin ciniki da craft. A tsarin juyin halitta na kasar da goyan bayan da fitowan na masana'antu, inda da rabo daga aiki ake aiwatar. By da na mallaka Kotun jawo hankalin mafi kyau masana kimiyya, gine-ginen da kuma artists. A mayar da hankali ne a kan raya birane.

Sin daular Ming: canji a cikin tattalin arziki Sphere

Kusan nan da nan bayan da zuwan na daular Qing ya fara aiwatar da matakan inganta halin da ake ciki na manoma, kamar yadda suka taimaka wajen samar da canji na iko. Ming da daular farfado da Arewa rabo tsarin, wanda ya shafe ta da tattalin arziki ikon da komai a fili Elite (Arewa China), soyuznyuchavshey baya Yuanyamm. Kuma a cikin ta Kudu, duk abin da shi ne daidai m - landlordism an ceto. Zamanintar da data kasance lissafin kudi da haraji tsarin, kazalika da hankalin da hukumomi don ban ruwa - duk da wannan gudummawar da m tattalin arziki.

Ya bi sawun girma na birane tattalin arzikin, a cikin hanyar wanda - shiyya specialization (a Jiangxi ain samar aka located, kuma a Guangdong - yafi Railway), fitowan da sabon trends, musamman a tsakanin wanda shi ne gina wani 4-bene jiragen ruwa.

A hankali ɓullo da kuma kayayyaki-kudi dangantaka. A kan tushen da m babban birnin kasar akwai masu zaman kansu yi. Tsakiya da kuma Kudancin kasar Sin ya zama wani wuri na abin da ya faru na craft dasa. Daga bisani, samar da bango to halittar obschekitayskogo kasuwar (yawan hukuma cinikayya bikin da aka kusata riga ta 38).

A downside

Lokaci guda tare da sama m events samu halartar da dama daga tsangwama, kuma kunã kangẽwa, da ci gaban kasuwanci (shi ne hali na dukan na Gabas). Don wadanda sun hada da jihar monopolies, mallakar gwamnati factory, wanda ma'aikata fiye da 300 da dubu. Sana'a gospobory da cinikayya da kuma sana'a da ayyukan. Ba su ba da tattalin arzikin da yiwuwar su matsa zuwa wani daban-daban samarwa.

A kasashen waje da manufofin na daular Ming

A lokacin da farfadowar tattalin arzikin da kuma da tabbatarwa daga jihar ikon da aka gudanar yawanci m manufofin (har 1450 da aka kira "ta cikin teku", sa'an nan kuma mayar da su cikin "fuska-da-dabbanci").

A mafi muhimmanci taron na lokaci - fadada daga kasar Sin, wanda ya shafi jihar da ta Kudu Tekuna.

A zamanin daular Ming, saboda da girma bukatun warware matsalar na Japan, Sin, Korean, satar, aka tilasta kirkiro rundunar motoci, wanda ya ƙidaya 3,500 jiragen ruwa. Bugu da ari, ci gaban tattalin arziki da gudummawar da hukumar kamar yadda bakwai raba expeditions rundunar motoci, karkashin jagorancin Ashfenaz Chzhen Ya, to Gabashin Afrika. Wannan sojan ruwa kwamandan ya a zubar da 60 manyan 4-ƙawãce jiragen ruwa, wanda ya kai 47 mita tsawo, suna da izuwa lakabi kamar "Clear Harmony", "Wadata da wadata." A kowane wata ƙungiya daga mutane 600, ciki har da kasashen kungiyar.

Sharhin, an ɗauko daga logbooks

A cewar su, a lokacin da tafiya zuwa tekun na gabashin Afrika, Zheng, Bayyana ga zamani harshe, a cikin tẽku yi zare jiki da tawali'u. Duk da haka, lokaci-lokaci kananan 'yan kasashen waje ba su yi biyayya da sarki ta mãsu taƙawa nufi.

Daular Ming: Tarihi

The girmamawa Zhu Yuanzhang (na farko Sin Sarkin sarakuna) a lokacin 70-80. Na sanya a karshe fitar da mangolawa daga kasar su, da danniya na yunkurin na zamantakewa rashin amincewa tsakanin Sin manoma ta hanyar tattalin arziki maida kuma hanyoyin da karfafa ya sirri iko. Irin matsalolin da ake warware ta kara sojoji, ya karfafa da karkashin shugabancin tsakiya, da yin amfani da mafi tsaurara hanyoyin, wanda ya sa damunsu a kowane sako na al'ummar jihar.

A lokaci guda iyakance iko na} ananan hukumomi, Sarkin sarakuna dõgara a kan iyalansa, daga baya ya zama shugabanni - Vans (title) fiefdoms da cewa, a cikin ra'ayi, mafi m ne da yara da jikoki.

Vanstva kasance a duk faɗin ƙasar: game da periphery suka yi tsaron gida aiki da barazana daga waje, da kuma a cikin cibiyar amsa kamar yadda wani counterbalance zuwa separatism da kuma tayar da kayar baya.

A 1398, ya rasu da sarki Zhu Yuanzhang, bayan da kotu ta camarilla, mafificin ta kai tsaye magada, zaune Zhu Yunvenya - daya daga jikokinsa.

Board Zhu Yunvenya

Ya farko aza idanu a kan kaddara tsarin halitta da kakansa. Wannan ne dalilin da yaki da Tszinnan (1398 - 1402 gg.). A abun cece kuce ƙare tare da kama da babban birnin kasar na daular mulkin Nanjing Beijing - ne ɗan fari na Zhu Yuanzhang, Chzhu Di. Yana ƙone a wuta tare da abokin gābansa.

The uku sarki na daular Ming

Zhu Di ci gaba mahaifinsa siyasa na karkashin shugabancin tsakiya na jihar, a lokaci guda ƙi vanstv data kasance tsarin (a cikin 1426 da aka suppressed tawayen m Vanir). Ya kewaye E san kuma karfafa muhimmancin da fadar sirrin sabis a cikin shugabanci tsari.

Lokacin da shi karshe ya yanke shawarar da batun dangane da Sin babban birnin kasar, wanda matukar yin tasiri a siyasar nauyi na Kudu da Arewa. Saboda haka, karshen addashin matsayin shimfiɗar jariri, da Sin wayewa, da aka rasa da muhimmancin a cikin III - V ƙarni. a cikin ni'imar da farko saboda da m barazana da makiyaya. Wadannan sassa na kasar - da yan dako na fundamentally daban-daban hadisai, mentalities: kudancin kasar - m, m, da kuma Arewa - karfi, tauri, da hakan zamantakewa matsayi - "Han-Jen." Duka wannan yana goyon baya har ta data kasance harshe (gabban) bambance-bambance.

Yuan da kuma Suna Nã zãɓe siyasa tushe na Arewa, amma daular Ming, a daya hannun, da ta Kudu. Wannan shi ne abin da ya sa su lashe.

A 1403 da sabon sarki data kasance Beypin (fassara a matsayin "pacification na Arewa"), sake masa suna Beytszin ( "Northern Capital"). Saboda haka har 1421, kasar Sin da biyu babban birnin kasar birane - mallaka a arewa da kuma gwamnatin-burokrasi a kudu. Chzhu Di haka kawar da rinjayar da kuma kudancin kansa yayin da tauye 'yancin kai fiye da kima kudancin burokrasi (Nanjing).

A 1421 ya zo na karshe (Abubakar) na babban birnin kasar a Arewa. A wannan batun, daular Ming ya bayar da kanta tare da goyon bayan arewacin Sin yawan jama'a da kuma ƙarfafa kasar ta kare.

A sarakuna na daular Ming

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, wannan daular mulki kasar Sin daga 1368 zuwa shekarar 1644, shekaru. Min maye gurbin da Mongolian Yuan a rare tawaye. Goma sha shida sarakuna na wannan daular mulki 276 shekaru. Domin saukaka, da sarakuna na daular Ming aka jera a kan tebur a kasa.

A sakamakon manoma 'War

Ita ce ta sa fall na daular Ming. An sani cewa da baƙauye yaki, da bambanci ga tawaye, ba kawai yalwatacce, amma kuma zai shafi daban-daban segments na al'ummar jihar. Shi ne mafi m, m, da tsari sosai, hore saboda gaban da kuma kasancewa daga cikin tuƙi cibiyar akida.

Yana da su fahimci wannan taron a more daki-daki, ga fahimtar yadda wannan abu ya faru da fall na daular Ming.

A mataki na farko na baƙauye motsi ya fara ne a 1628, kuma tsawon shekaru 11. 100+ raunuka kasa gama, a cikin ra'ayi na wanda aka mur. A mataki na biyu zo a 1641 da kuma dade kawai shekaru 3. Ya gangarawa cikin united dakarun 'yan tawaye m kwamandan a manyan Lee Tszychen. Ya ya gudanar da yawa daga cikin data kasance m tasowa squads samar da wata baƙauye sojojin, wanda ya sãɓã, da horo, da mai bayyana dabarun da dabara.

Lee hanzari inganta a karkashin taken mashahuri a cikin talakawa game da kifar da daular Ming. Ya bayar da shawarar duniya daidaitaka, ya yi alkawari game da kaki na haraji a karshen yaki.

Kamar yadda shi ya zama sananne, a cikin farkon safe na 26.04.1644 kan kararrawa, wanda ya kira ga ministocin su zo da sarki Chong Zhen a cikin masu sauraro, shi ne ba wanda ya zo. Sa'an nan, ya ce wannan shi ne karshen, ayarinsa fara sob. A Empress shi ne na karshe lokacin da ya juya wa mijinta, kuma ya gaya masa cewa na tsawon shekaru 18 ta kishin shi, amma ya taba dame don sauraron ta, wanda ya kai ga irin wannan. Bayan haka, Empress sun rataye a kan bel.

Sarkin sarakuna da wani zabi, yadda clumsily kashe 'yarsa kuma da ƙwarƙwara takobi, kuma sun rataye kansa a kan bel a cikin sarari. Wadannan da sarki, bisa ga al'adar lokaci, shũɗe a duk 80 dubu. Jami'an. A cewar daya daga version, Mai girma Sarkin sarakuna bar wani rubutu a kan wani yanki na siliki, wanda ke magana da Lee Tszychenu. A da shi ya ce cewa duk jami'an - cin amana inji, a cikin ra'ayi na, wanda ya cancanci mutuwa, ya kamata su a kashe su. Sarkin sarakuna wajaba ya tashi daga rayuwar unwillingness a ɗaure da sosai karshe, kin talakawansa. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i manzanni mai mamaye tsallake da Sarkin sarakuna ta jiki daga itacen, sa'an nan ya sa shi a wani akwatin gawa, wanda aka yi nufi ga matalauta.

Kabarin babban daular Ming

More daidai, kabarin, kamar yadda da yankin sanannen tunawa zuwa kaburbura na goma sha uku sarakuna na daular Qing. Kabarin Ming kara zuwa 40 sq. km. An located game da 50 km daga Beijing (arewa) a gindin babban duwãtsu na sama longevity. Kabarin na daular Ming a kan jerin UNESCO Duniya Heritage Site. Mutane da yawa zo Beijing kawai ganin ta.

ƙarshe

Manchu karkiya sabon-daular Qing, shi za a iya ce, an hõre ta a kasar a lokacin da Turai bourgeois juyin, cewa Allah wadai da kasar Sin ta kamar yadda 268 shekaru na siyasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki stagnation a gaban girma mulkin mallaka fadada a kan wani ɓangare na Turai.

Biyu daga cikin mafi iko dauloli - Ming da Qing. Amma bambance-bambance tsakanin su ne babban: na farko ya nuna mutanen da damar shigar da sabon, m hanya, bari shi ji free kuma m. Na biyu hallaka dukan abin da aka halitta shekaru masu yawa na wahala, da ya yi reclusive jihar.