Dutch zanen. Dutch Golden Age zanen. Zane-zane ta hanyar Dutch artists

Game da Dutch ko Flemish zane-zane da aka sani ko da ta waɗanda suka ba su, masani a cikin art. Amma saboda mutane da yawa, shi ne ba fiye da a Rembrandt hotuna. A halin yanzu, shi ne sosai musamman, ya cancanci a ƙara cikakken nazari na yankin na Turai al'ada, wanda ya nuna rarrabe rai daga cikin mutanen da Netherlands a lokacin.

A labarin na

Fice wakilan art fara bayyana a kasar a cikin goma sha bakwai karni. Faransa al'adu nazarin ya ba da su a kowa sunan - "kananan Dutch", wanda aka ba alaka da sikelin da basira da kuma wakiltar da wani abin da aka makala wasu jigogi na rayuwar yau da kullum, da akasin "manyan" style tare da manyan canvases a tarihi ko mythological batutuwa. A tarihin fitowan na Dutch zanen da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, a cikin karni na sha tara, da mawallafa na ta ayyukansu ma amfani da wannan lokaci. "Kananan Dutchmen" rarrabe wadanda mutane hakikanci Labarai waje duniya, kuma mutane sun yi amfani art, m sautunan.

Milestones

A tarihin fitowan na Dutch zanen za a iya raba da dama lokaci. A farko dade kamar 1620 shekaru da 1630, lokacin da kasa art ya hakikanci yabo. Na biyu tsawon Dutch zanen da aka faruwa ta hanyar a 1640-1660 gg. Wannan lokaci, wanda asusun ga wata real flowering na gida art makaranta. A karshe, cikin uku lokaci, lokacin da Dutch zanen fara samun koma baya - daga 1670 har ya zuwa farkon karni na sha takwas.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa na al'adu a lokacin wannan lokaci ya canja. A farkon lokaci, manyan artists yi aiki a Haarlem, da kuma babban wakilin shi ne Khalsa. Sa'an nan kuma, cibiyar koma Amsterdam, inda mafi muhimmanci aiki da za'ayi ta Rembrandt da Vermeer.

Mahalli na rayuwar yau da kullum

Jeri mafi muhimmanci nau'o'i na Dutch zanen, tabbata a fara da mabukaci - mafi m kuma na asali a cikin tarihi. Yana Flemings bude duniya scenes na rayuwar yau da kullum na talakawa mutane, manoma da kuma 'yan asalin ko burghers. Majagaba fara Ostade da mabiyansa Audenrogge, Bega da Dyusart. A farkon zane-zane na Ostade mutane wasa cards, jãyayya har ma yãƙi a cikin wani tavern. Kowane hoto siffofi da wani tsauri, da ɗan m hali. Dutch zanen daga waɗanda sau da ya gaya game da m scene: wasu daga cikin ayyukan manoma magana da bututu da kuma gilashin giya, ku ciyar lokaci a gaskiya ko a cikin iyali. Tasirin Rembrandt ya kai ga tartsatsi amfani da taushi da zinariya haske da launi. Urban scenes wahayi zuwa gare ta artists kamar Hals, Leyster, Molenaar da Codd. A tsakiyar karni na goma sha bakwai Masters Zagayawar likitoci, masana kimiyya a cikin tsari, nasu nazarinsa, chores a kusa da gidan, ko zamantakewa events. Kowane labarin da aka nishadi, wani lokacin grotesque didactic. Wasu Masters sun kula poeticize rayuwar yau da kullum, misali, Terborch depicting scenes na music shawara, ko barkwanci. Metsu amfani da haske launuka, sunã mãsu jũyãwa da yau da kullum a cikin wani biki, kuma de Hooch aka yi wahayi zuwa da sauki daga rayuwar iyali, cike a yaxuwa hasken rana. Daga bisani, wakilin Genre, wanda ya hada da irin Dutch painters kamar Van der Werf da Aert van der Neer, a kokarinsa na haifar da m images ne sau da yawa mafi m batutuwa.

Nature da shimfidar

Bugu da ƙari kuma, Dutch zanen yadu wakilci a cikin Genre wuri mai faɗi. Ya aka farko haifa a cikin waɗannan ayyukansu Masters Haarlem kamar yadda van Goyen, de Moleyn da van Ruisdael. Sun fara ne su zana yankunan karkara sasanninta a wani silvery haske. Material hadin kai na halitta ya fito a takardunku da fore. Ya kamata mu ma ambaci seascapes. Seascape kasance Dutch painters na 17th karni kamar yadda Porsellis, de Vlieger da Van De Capelle. Su ba kawai ya nema ya kai wasu marine al'amuran, mutane da yawa sun yi kokarin nuna ruwan kanta, da play haske a kan shi, kuma a cikin sama.

By na biyu da rabi na goma sha bakwai karni, da Genre da ciwon more tunanin ayyukan da falsafa ra'ayoyin. Matsakaicin bayyanãwa da kyau na Dutch wuri mai faɗi Jan van Ruisdael nuna shi a duk da drama, kuzarin kawo cikas da kuma monumentality. Magajin ta hadisai ya zama sha'awa, fifita rana shimfidar. Koninck wanda aka nuna kwanon rufi da van der Hep da hannu a cikin halittar da kuma watsa dare shimfidar wuri Moonlight, fitowar rana da kuma faɗuwar rana. Domin a yawan artists da shimfidar halayyar da image a cikin dabbobi, kamar shanu da dawaki dabbõbin, kazalika da farauta al'amuran da tare da sojojin doki. Daga baya, artists fara samun shiga da kuma yanayi na kasashen waje - Boat Van Lahr, Weenix, Berchem da Hackert depicting Italiya, wanka a cikin haskoki na rana. A farko a cikin Genre na birane wuri mai faɗi zama Sanredam, mafi mabiya wanda za a iya kira 'yan'uwa Berkheyde kuma Yana Van der Heijden.

image ciki

A raba Genre, abin da ya bambanta Dutch zanen a heyday, scenes za a iya kira wani coci, gidan sarauta, kuma iyali wurare. A ciki suka bayyana a cikin zane-zane da na biyu da rabi na goma sha bakwai karni Masters Delft - Haukgesta, van der Vliet kuma de Witte, wanda ya zama shugaba wakilin shugabanci. Amfani da fasaha na Vermeer, painters wanda aka nuna scenes wanka a halitta haske, cike da tausaya da ikon yinsa.

Picturesque jita-jita da kuma kayayyakin

A karshe, wani halayyar da Genre na Dutch zanen - har yanzu rayuwa, musamman karin kumallo image. karo na farko da suka kada harlemtsy da Klas Heda, wanda fentin alluna rufe alatu tableware. A picturesque cuta da kuma musamman watsa jin dadi ciki cike da azurfa-m haske, halayyar da na azurfa, kuma pewter. Utrecht artists kusantar da lush flower har yanzu lifes, da kuma musamman a Hague Masters gudanar image kifi da marine dabbobi masu rarrafe. A Leiden akwai wani falsafa Trend na Genre, a cikin abin da alamomin na son sha'awa da yarda, da duniya daukaka rayu tare kwanyar da hourglass, tsara don kama da transience lokaci. Araha Kitchen har yanzu rayuwa ta zama hallmark of Art School a Rotterdam.