Energy gas turbines. Da'ira gas turbines

Gas injin turbin shuka (GTP) sun qumshi guda, mun gwada m makamashi hadaddun, cikinsa da su guda biyu aiki ikon injin turbin da janareta. A tsarin da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin abin da ake kira low-makamashi. Great domin samar da makamashi da kuma zafi samar da manyan kamfanonin, m yankunan da sauran masu amfani. Yawanci, gas injin turbin aiki a kan ruwa da man fetur ko gas.

Yankan-baki

The damar ikon sa iya aiki rawar da haddasa ke zuwa a gas injin turbin shuka da m juyin halitta - a hade sake zagayowar gas injin turbin (CCGT). Saboda haka, Amurka ikon shuke-shuke, tun farkon shekarun 1990s, fiye da 60% na shigar da modernized wuraren riga yin gas turbines da CCGT, da kuma a wasu kasashe su share kai 90% a wasu shekaru.

A manyan yawan ma gina wani sauki gas injin turbin. Gas injin turbin shuka - mobile, tattali aiki da kuma sauki a gyara - shi ne mafi kyau bayani ya rufe ganiya lodi. A nuna na karni (1999-2000) jimlar damar gas turbines ya kai 120,000 MW. Don kwatanta, a cikin shekaru 80 da jimillar damar da irin wannan tsarin da aka 8000-10 000 MW. A mahimmin juzu'in da gas injin turbin (60%) Ya yi nufin yin aiki a cikin manyan binary hada-zagayowar shuke-shuke da wani talakawan damar game da 350 MW.

tarihi bayanai

A msar tambayar dalilin da yin amfani da hada-zagayowar fasahar da aka yi karatu a wasu daki-daki a kasar mu a farkon '60s. Riga a lokacin da ya bayyana da cewa janar Hakika na ci gaba ikon tsarin an haɗa da hada sake zagayowar fasaha. Duk da haka, su nasara aiwatar da aka bukatar abin dogara da kuma high-yi gas turbines.

Wannan shi ne hakikanin ci gaba gano zamani gas injin turbin ikon tsarin mai ingantaccen tsalle. A yawan kamfanonin ketare sun samu nasarar warware matsalar samar da ingantaccen tsit gas turbines a lokacin da m ciwon kai manyan kungiyoyi a yanayi na wani umurni tattalin arzikin tsunduma a cikin gabatarwa na kalla m tururi inji mai farfela fasahar (PTU).

Idan 60s yadda ya dace da gas injin turbin shuke-shuke tsaya a 24-32%, a cikin marigayi 80 ta fi samar da makamashi na kullum gas turbines riga ya dace (ga standalone amfani) 36-37%. Wannan yarda su don ƙirƙirar tushen PGU wanda ya dace ya 50%. By farkon sabon karni, da adadi shi ne 40%, kuma a tare da tare da hada sake zagayowar - kuma a 60%.

Kwatanta tururi-injin turbin da kuma hada-zagayowar shuke-shuke

A hada da sake zagayowar shuke-shuke dogara ne a kan gas turbines, kuma mafi kusa real mai yiwuwa ya kasance kafin su sami 65% yadda ya dace ko fiye. A lokaci guda ga tururi inji mai farfela raka'a (ci gaba a cikin Tarayyar Soviet), kawai a cikin yanayin da nasara bayani da wani yawan hadaddun kimiyya matsaloli alaka da tsara da kuma yin amfani da supercritical tururi sigogi, kana iya dogara a kan yadda ya dace da ba fiye 46-49%. Saboda haka, ya dace da tururi inji mai farfela hada sake zagayowar tsarin basu hakura rasa.

Abu mai muhimmanci na baya zuwa tururi-injin turbin ikon shuka a matsayin kudin da lokaci na yi. A shekarar 2005, cikin duniya da makamashi kasuwar, farashin 1 kW zuwa 200 MW CCGT da kuma a kan aka $ 500-600 / kW. Domin PSU karami damar darajar da aka a cikin kewayon 600-900 $ / kW. Iko gas turbines dace $ 200-250 / kW. Tare da rage a naúrar damar da farashin ƙaruwa, amma ba kullum wuce $ 500 / kW. Wadannan dabi'u ne a sulusi da murabba'i na kudin wani kilowatt na ikon tururi inji mai farfela tsarin. Alal misali, farashin da shigar kilowatt a condensing tururi inji mai farfela ikon shuke-shuke jeri daga $ 2000-3000 / kW.

Students gas injin turbin shuka

A shuka qunshi uku na asali raka'a: a gas injin turbin combustor da iska kwampreso. Kuma duk raka'a aka sanya shi a cikin prefabricated guda kunshin. A rotors na kwampreso da injin turbin suna da alaka da juna rigidly, Allaha a zahiri.

Aka shirya a kusa da konewa jam'iyya na kwampreso (msl, 14 inji mai kwakwalwa.), Kowane a cikin nasu raba gidaje. Domin kudin shiga ga kwampreso iska mashiga ruwa ne daga gas injin turbin iska Tserewa ta hanyar shaye bututu. Bisa ga m gas injin turbin casing tana goyan bayan, sanya symmetrically a kan wani guda firam.

manufa na aiki

A mafi gas injin turbin shigarwa ta amfani da ci gaba da konewa manufa ko bude zagayowar:

• Da farko, da aiki m (iska) ne pumped karkashin yanayi matsa lamba Game kwampreso.
• Next, da iska da aka matsa zuwa wani sabon matsa lamba da kuma aika zuwa ga konewa jam'iyya.
• Yana ake kawota tare da man fetur, wanda aka ƙone a gaba da matsa lamba, tabbatar da akai samar da zafi. Saboda konewa na man fetur qara yawan zafin jiki na aiki jiki.
• Bugu da ari, aiki ruwa (yanzu shi ne wani gas, wanda shi ne cakuda iska da kuma konewa kayayyakin) ake kawota zuwa gas injin turbin inda shi yana faɗaɗa to yanayi matsa lamba, yi aikin amfani aiki (kadi injin turbin haifar da wutar lantarki).
• Bayan da gas injin turbin aka sallami cikin yanayi ta hanyar abin da na wajibi sake zagayowar da ya rufe.
• Bambanci tsakanin injin turbin kuma kwampreso aka gani wani lantarki janareta shirya a kan wani na kowa shaft da injin turbin da kuma kwampreso.

Cancantar intermittent konewa

Ba kamar baya sanyata makirci, biyu bawuloli ana amfani da konewa shuke-shuke discontinuous maimakon daya.

• A kwampreso farashinsa iska a cikin konewa jam'iyya via a farko bawul a lokacin da na biyu bawul aka rufe.
• Lokacin da matsa lamba a cikin konewa jam'iyya ta fito, na farko bawul aka rufe. A girma daga cikin jam'iyya ne a rufe.
• Lokacin da rufe ta halitta bawuloli ƙona man fetur a wani masallaci, ta konewa faruwa a m girma. A sakamakon haka, da aiki m matsa lamba da aka kara karu.
• Next, na biyu bawul yana buɗe kuma aiki m ake kawota zuwa gas injin turbin. A matsa lamba cirewa daga cikin injin turbin za a hankali rage. Lokacin shi ne kusa da yanayi matsa lamba, na biyu bawul ya kamata a rufe, kuma na farko da ya bude kuma maimaita matakai.

Da'ira gas turbines

Kunna ga m ganin wani thermodynamic sake zagayowar, designers da za a magance da yawa daga warkarwa fasaha shinge. A mafi misali: tururi zafi fiye 8-12% asara a kwarara sashe na tururi inji mai farfela ƙaruwa sharply, kara tsauri lodi, yashewa faruwa. Wannan yana yiwuwa take kaiwa zuwa ga halaka da ya kwarara ɓangare na inji mai farfela.

A sakamakon wadannan gazawar a cikin makamashi kansu (ga aikin) ana amfani da yadu har kawai biyu na asali thermodynamic sake zagayowar: da sake zagayowar Rankine da Brayton sake zagayowar. Mafi yawan ikon shuke-shuke dogara ne a kan mai hade da abubuwa na wadannan hawan keke.

Rankine sake zagayowar da ake amfani da aiki ruwaye, wanda a lokacin zagayowar ganin yi zamani mika mulki a karkashin irin wannan aiki zagayowar tururi ikon shuka. Ga aiki jikinsu, wanda ba za a iya takaice a cikin real duniya, da kuma wadda muke kira da gas amfani Brayton sake zagayowar. A cewar wannan sake zagayowar aiki gas turbines da ciki konewa injuna injuna.

The man fetur amfani

Mafiya yawa na gas turbines an tsara aiki a kan iskar gas. Lokaci-lokaci wani ruwa da man fetur da ake amfani a low-ikon da tsarin (a kalla - wani talakawan, sosai da wuya - manyan iya aiki). Wani sabon Trend na mika mulki ta zama m gas injin turbin tsarin amfani da m habaka (ci, itace kuma peat kasa). Wadannan yayi suna hade da cewa aiwatar gas ne mai muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa domin sinadaran masana'antu, ta yin amfani da shi ne sau da yawa fiye da kudin-tasiri fiye da a samar da makamashi. Production na gas turbines cewa iya aiki yadda ya kamata a kan m man fetur, yana samun lokacinta.

Ba kamar ciki konewa engine daga gas injin turbin

A babba bambanci na ciki konewa injuna da kuma iskar gas injin turbin tsarin shi ne kamar haka. A ciki konewa engine aiwatar da matsawa daga iska, konewa da kuma fadada daga cikin konewa kayayyakin faruwa a cikin guda tsarin kashi, kira a matsayin engine Silinda. A GTU wadannan matakai ake, ɗaukar a raba tsarin nodes:

• matsawa da aka yi a cikin kwampreso.
• konewa, bi da bi, a wani musamman jam'iyya.
• fadada konewa kayayyakin ne da za'ayi a cikin wani gas injin turbin.

A sakamakon sanyata gas turbines da ciki konewa engine kadan irin wannan, ko da yake aiki a kan irin wannan thermodynamic hawan keke.

ƙarshe

Tare da ci gaban low-makamashi, kara da yadda ya dace da gas turbines da kuma na sana'a tsarin rufe wani kara rabo a cikin sauran makamashi tsarin a duniya. Haka kuma, mafi kuma mafi bukatar alamar aiki direban inji gas turbines. Wadannan kasashen yammacin abokan wani yawan Rasha masana'antun sun ƙware da samar da kudin-tasiri inji mai farfela shigarwa irin. A farko hada sake zagayowar iko shuka na sabon ƙarni a Rasha Federation ya zama Arewa-Maso-Yamma thermal Power Plant a St. Petersburg.