Pharmaceuticals - menene wannan?

Pharmaceuticals - wannan reshe na masana'antu, wanda ya nẽmi taro samar na daidaita magunguna. Yana da tarihi na ci gaba kantin magani. Tsakanin biyu Concepts da kuma hanyoyin da samun kwayoyi ne wani gagarumin bambanci.

Pharmacy da Pharmaceutics: Mene ne bambanci?

Pharmacy aka sani tun zamanin da, a lokacin da shi ya zama na farko kerarre kwayoyi. Don kwanan wata, kantin - a kimiyya horo a cikin ikon yinsa, daga wanda ya hada da halittar magunguna, da binciken na su AMINCI, bincike a kan kira da kuma samar da magunguna, da binciken na inji na mataki na kwayoyi a kan mutane da yawa more. Har ila yau, batun da binciken ne don bincika da kuma gwaji na halitta magani albarkatu. Pharmacy guda - shi ne da masana'antu samar da kwayoyi, na gaba mataki na ci gaba da kantin ya sadu da bukatun da taro kasuwar.

Pharmaceuticals matsayin wani ɓangare na kantin bayyana a cikin karni na 19th, a lõkacin da ya bayyana a fili cewa dogon-sani Hanyar domin yi da kwayoyi ba zai iya samar da taro kasuwar, da kuma sakamakonsa na kayayyakin ne artisanal yanayi na masana'antu. A sakamakon wani mutum da miyagun ƙwayoyi yi sun m rikitarwa a marasa lafiya, kowane gwani - "pharmacist" - yana da kansa girke-girke na mai magani, babu janar halitta da kuma standardization magunguna.

Daga cikin karni na 19th fara zamanin standardization da kuma fitowan na kantin sarƙoƙi, da motsi ya fara a Amurka, bayan fahimtar riba da halittar likita kasuwar. Kwayoyi fara da za a samar a cikin manyan lambobi bayan na farko da manyan sikelin-Enterprises. Saboda haka, magunguna - wannan fasaha da samar da magunguna da dukan da bawa moriyar high-tech masana'antu.

Abin da ya aikata Pharmaceuticals

A yau duniya na magunguna - shi ne wani yanki na ilimi da kuma yi a cikin bukatun da masana'antu, salla kuma kudin da cikakken samar da magunguna da abubuwa. Yana da karatunsa duk al'amurran da taro-samar da kayayyakin. A ta iyawa:

• A binciken na da tasiri na kwayoyi da kuma su effects a kan jikin mutum.
• A nazarin sinadaran yayan Medicine (sashi, taro, da sauransu.).
• Iri sashi siffofin, hanyoyin da gwamnati a samar da tallace-tallace.
• The jiki jihohin magani abubuwa (size, siffar, da sauransu. D.).
• A fasaha na taro samar, inji da kuma kayan aiki ga masana'antu, kayan aiki samar Lines.
• Excipients magunguna da kuma su da tasiri a karshe samfurin da jikin mutum.

ci gaban da magunguna

A Pharmaceutical masana'antu fito a rabi na biyu na karni na 19th. A wannan lokacin, akwai na farko kantin inda kwayoyi ba su yi ba, amma kawai sayar. A cikin aiwatar da jadadda mallaka kwayoyi fadi. Majagaba na masana'antu samar da kwayoyi sun kasance ƙungiya biyu: kamfanin samar ammonia Bohm da Pelletier - quinine. Su misali da aka bi da masu kiri Pharmacy, a kan tushen da manyan samar tashi daga bãya.

Lokacin da enterprising pharmacists gane cewa magunguna - yana da matukar riba, sun fara gina nasu kasuwanci. A 1827, wani harhaɗa magunguna Merck fara nuna kwayoyi bisa halitta sinadaran (morphine, quinine da sauransu.), Wanne kara kai shi zuwa ga halittar wani babban kamfanin. Dalili na da yawa sanannun pharmaceutical brands ya zama na yau da kullum kantin magani, misali, "Schering" (Jamus) da kuma "Park-Davis" (USA).

Pharmaceutics da Chemistry

Ba kawai Pharmacy iyakance ga wannan masana'antu. Pharmaceutical kai tsaye alaka da sinadaran masana'antu. Chemical sharar kayayyakin sun masomin da dama kamfanonin, misali, kamar "Bayer". Jihar siyasa na mallakar magunguna lakabi ma da gudummawar da ci gaban masana'antu.

Duk wani manufacturer iya fito da naka sunan miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma sayar da shi a karkashin da kansa iri, wanda bai hana wasu yi da wannan samfur ƙarƙashin daban-daban sunayen. Nasara talla da kuma sayar da kamfen yi da miyagun ƙwayoyi "asfirin" ne 24 sau mafi tsada fiye da asfirin, wanda ya, a gaskiya, ya.

Fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa yaki tsakanin Prussia da kuma Austria a 1866 zuwa ta da samar da magunguna. The m soja rikice-rikice a kasashen Turai, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin impetus ga m girma na manyan-sikelin samar da jadadda mallaka magunguna. Kafin yakin duniya na shugaban Pharmaceutical masana'antu ya Jamus, kasuwa ta kasance 20% na jimlar yawa daga magunguna. Daga baya, jagorancin aka dauka zuwa Amurka kamfanin.

Rasha magunguna

Magunguna a Rasha ya fara ta ci gaba da gidajen ibada, inda dukan wahalar samu ba kawai na ruhaniya abinci amma kuma taimaka a curing ailments, da yawa tips healers. A 1091 a Rasha, na farko asibiti, da Mafarin ya Pereyaslav firist Ifraimu da aka kafa. Annals sun kiyaye sunayen da yawa zuhudu healers, da kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna cancanci ƙarni na veneration, misali, Pimen Postnik da Dimian Tselebnik.

Mongol-Tatar mamayewa, da kuma da dama ƙarni na bauta tsaya da ci gaban kimiyya a yankunan da yawa na magani ya kusan daina wanzuwa. Interest a shi da aka farfado a gidan sarauta, a 1547, lokacin da zuwa kotun daga kasashen Turai ya kawo dama da masana.

A farko kantin ya bayyana a Moscow a lokacin zamanin mulkin na Ivan da Munin, ayyukan da ma'aikatan da aka wa sabis sarauta iyali. Yana zama tushen halittar Aptekarskaya majalisar. A farko m data a kan kantin ba tsira. An yi imani da cewa shi aka located a gaban Chudov sufi a cikin Kremlin. Duk aikin da aka tsananin kayyade, da sinadaran amfani a cikin na musamman littãfi dauke kerarre magani kawota rubutu, wanda ya nuna da abun ciki na kowane bangaren da lambar kuma sunan harhaɗa magunguna wanda Ya halitta magani. A littafin da aka sa a manyan Aptekarskaya bẽne, tare da dukan magunguna.

Bitrus ya gyara aikinsa,

A 1654, wata makaranta domin horar da likitoci da kuma harhada magunguna da aka bude. Jama'a kantin ya bayyana a Moscow a 1672, kuma shi ne ba da nisa daga Red Square, ta ba da sunan sabon, ba za a rikita batun tare da sarauta. Ci gaba a cikin wannan yanki ya kawo babban canji na Rasha - Bitrus I. A 1701, bisa ga doka, a Moscow ta takwas irin shagunan sun bude. The most da kuma mafi m kantin magani a lokacin located a kan mahauci Street a 1706. The aiki na wannan ma'aikata ya hada da ba wai kawai kwayoyi hutu fadi da kewayon saye, amma kuma da wadata da na magunguna sojojin raka'a.

A 1714 Petr Veliky ciyar da gaba garambawul of Medicine da kuma sake masa suna Apothecary unguwa a cikin Medical Office. New cibiyoyin da aka sarrafawa da soja da kuma likita mai kula da harkokin tsari na harhada magunguna. A cikin tsakiyar karni na 18th, babban birnin da aka kafa 14 Pharmacy, kuma suka bayyana a manyan birane da dama.

Nasarorin da Rasha harhada magunguna

Domestic Pharmaceuticals ya sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga duniya kimiyya. A mafi daukan hankali binciken sun aikata a Medical-M Academy (St. Petersburg). Bisa ga ma'aikata, Farfesa OV Zabelin shirya wani dakin gwaje-gwaje gwajen inda ake gudanar da pharmacological. Ta hanyar da ayyukan A. A. Sokolovskogo tarbiyya kamar pharmacology da pharmaceutics karatu a Moscow University. Taimako ga ci gaban da kwayoyi da kuma shirye-shirye sanya masana kimiyya da dama aiki a nuna na 19-20 ƙarni.

pharmaceutical kayayyakin a cikin Soviet lokacin da aka bayar da kawai bayan wani dogon lokaci na gwaji, tabbatar da inganci da kuma aminci da amfani. A kasar ta kafa wata cibiyar sadarwa na dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma manyan kamfanonin a kan kira na hadaddun kwayoyi. Kerarre kayayyakin kasance daga high quality. A halin yanzu da Rasha Pharmaceutical masana'antu da cikakken tana biye da sauran} asashen duniya. Aiki a cibiyar sadarwa na dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kuma samar da ci gaba da inganta don ƙirƙirar sabuwar kwayoyi, gwaje-gwajen da kuma nazari.

Rasha Pharmaceutical masana'antu sarrafa dukiya a bukatar a cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje kasuwa. Biyar daga cikin mafi girma Pharmaceutical kamfanoni na Rasha Federation kamar haka:

• "AstraZeneca".
• JSC "kokuwa".
• STADA CIS.
• "Microgen".
• JSC "Grindeks".

Sana'a "harhaɗa magunguna"

Pharmaceuticals - ne kimiyya da masana'antu na samar, bukata gwani ma'aikata. Medical makarantu horar da kwararru a biyu fasahohin - harhada magunguna da kuma harhada magunguna. Harhaɗa magunguna - wani asibiti, wata sana'a shirya a kolejoji da horo yana 4 years. Harhaɗa magunguna sana'a master, a jami'o'i fiye da shekaru 7 (6 shekaru + 1 shekara na horon).

Ilmi tushe harhada magunguna ne a hudu main yankunan. Bayan da a saki masana a cikin filin suna aiki a Pharmacy a cikin Pharmaceutical warehouses, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, musamman da cibiyoyin bincike. Pharmacy dalibai suna janyo hankalin babban m da kuma aiwatar. A gwani kamata ba kawai saki da magani, amma ba da shawara a kan madadin zabi. Bugu da kari, da saye da ilmi tushe damar fahimtar yadda kwayoyi suna sanya, abin da illa da kuma contraindications.

Wa zai iya gudu sha'anin ma'aikaci aiki wanda - magunguna? A maganin warkar da wani cuta da aka sanya a cikin ra'ayi na kuma yarda da tsauraran sharudda da kuma fasaha. Domin da harhaɗa magunguna yana da wani aiki a wani bangare na sha'anin. Areas na aikin da gwani:

• A harhaɗa magunguna-sayarwa - aiki a kiri Pharmacy. A ikon yinsa, daga nauyin da ya kunshi sadarwa tare da abokan ciniki, rikodin kiyaye, samar da takardar sayen magani da kwayoyi, da daidai ajiya na magunguna, restocking.
• A harhaɗa magunguna-bincike aiki a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. A manufofin da masu bincike suna nazarin cuta, curing matakai, da hali na ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtuka microflora, da dai sauransu A mafi m kwararru da damar yin amfani da hatsari cutar iri (AIDS, Ebola, da dai sauransu ...) Ga ci gaban da alluran da wadannan cututtuka ...
• Magani, masu rabawa bukaci a cikin Pharmaceutical kamfanonin da hannu a aiwatar da nasu magunguna ko wakilan manyan hukumomi.

Pharmaceuticals - wani kira na kimiyya da masana'antu. Medical shirye-shirye serial samarwa amfani kusan wani abu. A m tsarin kula da amfani da magunguna facilitates kiyaye lafiya da kuma dawo da yawa daga cututtuka.