Francesco Petrarca: biography, key kwanakin da kuma abubuwan da suka faru, kerawa

A dukan duniya ya sani da babban Italian sonnets. Francesco Petrarca, su marubuci, mai kyau Italian mawãƙi da humanist na XIV karni, ya zama shahararren wurin zamanai tare da su kerawa. Shi ke nan game da shi da kuma za a tattauna a wannan labarin. Mun yi magana game da rayuwa, kerawa da kuma labarin soyayya na Petrarch.

Francesco Petrarca: biography

Haifuwa daga cikin babban waƙen a Arezzo (Italiya) a cikin 1304, a ranar 20 ga watan Yuli. Mahaifinsa - Pietro di Ser Parenzo Petrakko lakabi, ya mai Florentine notary. Duk da haka, daga Florence, ya aka fitar kafin haihuwar danta, saboda jam'iyyar goyon bayan "fari". Haka aka hõre dama da Dante. Duk da haka Arezzo tafiya iyali Petrarca bai ƙare. A iyaye na mawãƙi yawo a biranen Tuscany, ya ba tukuna yanke shawarar zuwa Avignon. By lokacin Francesco da shekaru tara.

horo

A Faransa, a cikin wadannan shekaru shi ne makaranta, a daya daga gare su, kuma suka aikata Francesco Petrarca. Biography of mawãƙi da sanin cewa a lokacin da yake karatu, ya ƙware Latin kuma samu wani soyayya na Roman wallafe-wallafe. Petrarch ya sauke karatu a 1319, da kuma a nema mahaifinsa ya dauki sama da nazarin dokar. Don yin wannan, sai ya tafi Montpellier sa'an nan a cikin University of Bologna, inda ya zauna a can har 1326 - a lokacin da mahaifinsa ya rasu. Duk da haka, doka ta ba da goyon Francesco. Ya kusantar da wani mabanbanta yanki - classic wallafe-wallafe.

Kuma bayan kammala karatu daga jami'a, nan gaba mawãƙi, maimakon ka je zuwa lauyoyi na tafi da firistoci. Wannan shi ne saboda rashin kudi - wani gado daga ubansa ya samu rubutun ayyukan Virgil.

papal kotu

Francesco Petrarca (biography of wanda aka nuna a nan) settles a kotu Avignon Paparoma kuma sami wajabta. A nan sai ya fuskanci tare da m Colonna iyali godiya da jami'a da abota da daya daga cikin Membobinta Giacomo.

A 1327 Petrarch farko ya ga nan gaba farka Laura, wanda zai zama Muse ga rayuwa. Juyayinsu ga yarinya ya zama daya daga wani adadin dalilai domin kau da mawãƙi a Vaucluse Avignon.

Petrarch ne dauke da farko, wanda ya hau zuwa taron na Mont Ventoux. Hawan ya faru Afrilu 26, 1336. The tafiya da ya yi tare da ɗan'uwansa.

Literary daraja da kuma taimaka na iyali na Colonna Petrarch taimaka wajen samun gidan a kwarin Sorgue River. Ga mawãƙi rayu a total na shekaru 16.

Laurel wreath

A halin yanzu, godiya ga wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu (abin kula ne musamman sonnets) Francesco Petrarch ya zama shahararren. A wannan batun, sai aka kira su zuwa ga sama a Laurel wreath (da mafi lambar yabo ga wani mawãƙi) daga Naples, Paris da kuma Roma. A mawãƙi ya zaba Roma, kuma a 1341 aka lashe a kan Capitol.

Bayan da Francesco ya rayu for game da wani shekara a kotu na Parma tanƙwasawa Atstso Correggio, sa'an nan ya koma Vaucluse. Duk wannan lokaci da mawãƙi mafarkin game da Tarurrukan na tsohon yawa daga cikin Roman, don haka ya fara wa'azi tawaye na Roman Jamhuriyar. Irin wannan ra'ayin siyasa, hasãra ya zumunci tare da mallaka, wanda ya kai ga muhallinsa zuwa Italiya.

New Paparoma Innocent VI

Francesco Petrarca rai daga lokacin haihuwa, da kuma kusan har mutuwarsa yana cike da tafiya da kuma tafiya. Saboda haka, a 1344 da kuma a 1347 shekara. mawãƙi sanya dogon tafiya zuwa Italiya, wanda ya kawo shi da yawa idon sani, mafi yawan abin da ya ƙare a cikin aminci. Daga cikin wadannan Italian abokai na juya, na Boccaccio.

A 1353, ya tilasta wa barin Vaucluse Franchesko Petrarka. Books na mawãƙi Virgil kuma so taso unfavorable ƙaddarãwar sabon Paparoma Innocent VI.

Duk da haka, Department of Petrarch Florence ya bayar, daga abin da mawãƙi, duk da haka, ya ki. Ya zaɓi ya je Milan, inda ya ɗauki wuri a kotu na Visconti, yin ofisoshin jakadanci. A wannan lokaci ya ziyarci ko Charles IV a Prague.

mawãƙi ta mutuwa

1361 aka alama ta Petrarch ƙoƙari na komawa zuwa Avignon, wanda ya m. Sa'an nan da mawãƙi bar Milan da kuma a 1362 ya zauna a Venice. Ga rayu da shege ya tare da iyalinsa.

Petrarch daga Venice kusan a kowace shekara tafiya zuwa Italiya tafiya. A karshe shekaru ransa mawãƙi rayu a kotu na Francesco da Carrara. Petrarch mutu a kauyen Arkva a cikin dare na 18 zuwa 19 Yuli 1374. A mawãƙi ba rayuwa a ga ya 70th birthday wata rana. Suka same shi a cikin safe. Ya zauna a tebur, lankwasa a kan wani rubutum, abin da ya bayyana rai na Kaisar.

periodization na kerawa

Rayu nadiri da kuma ban sha'awa rayuwa Francesco Petrarca (biography na mawãƙi ya yarda mana mu ga tabbatar da wannan). Ba duk abin da yake mai sauki da kuma tare da kerawa na marubuci. Saboda haka, a cikin wallafe-wallafen ayyukan Petrarch ya kasu kashi biyu sassa: wani iri-iri ayyuka a Latin kuma Italian shayari. Latin ayyukansu sun girma tarihi muhimmanci, yayin da waqe a Italiya sanya duniya-sanannen marubuci.

Ko da yake mawãƙi ya ɗauki Littafin waqoqi a matsayin maganar banza da kuma trifles, wanda aka ba da aka rubuta a wallafa, amma kawai domin tallafa a mawãƙi ta zuciya. Zai yiwu shi ya sa zurfin, gaskiya da kuma bukatunsu na sonnets na Italian marubucin yana da wani gagarumin tasiri ba kawai a kan Sahaban, amma kuma a kan na baya.

Petrarch da Laura

A cikin soyayya da wani rayuwa Petrarch da kuma wahayi zuwa gare shi don ƙirƙirar babban Muse da aka sani ga duk masoya wakoki. Duk da haka, bayani game da shi ne ba sosai.

An sani cewa a karon farko da ya ga wata yarinya Afrilu 6, 1327 a cikin coci Santa Chiara. Laura A sa'an nan, shekaru 20 da haihuwa, kuma haka shekaru 23 da haihuwa.

Abin baƙin ciki, akwai wani tarihi shaida game da ko sun kasance saba da, ko yarinya ce a irin da marubuci, wanda duk rayuwarsa kiyaye a cikin zuciyata, kuma tunani haske image zinariya-masu gashi sweetheart. Duk da haka, Petrarch da Laura, ko da idan su ji sun juna, ba zai iya zama tare, a matsayin mawãƙi an hade ecclesiastical girma. A coci ministocin da ba su da hakkin su auri da kuma da 'ya'ya.

Tun da farkon taron shekara uku Francesco zauna a Avignon, raira waƙoƙin soyayya ga Laura. A lokaci guda ya yi kokarin ganin ta a cikin coci kuma a cikin wuraren da ta yawanci tafi. Kada ka manta cewa Laura da wani iyali, miji da yara. Duk da haka, yanayi a wata hanya ba, a damemu da mawãƙi, saboda ƙaunataccen mala'ika ya bayyana a gare shi a cikin jiki.

A karshe taron, da kuma mutuwar Laura

A cewar kalamai na adabi, Petrarch aka gani na karshe da ya ƙaunataccen 27 Satumba 1347. Kuma watanni shida daga baya, a watan Afrilu 1348, wata mace ya mutu takaici. A dalilin da ta mutuwa zauna ba a sani ba. Petrarch ba ya so ya zo sharuddan da mutuwa da ya ƙaunataccen, da kuma da yawa waqe rubuta bayan mutuwar Laura sau da yawa jawabi ga ta a matsayin mai rai.

A tarin sonnets sadaukar domin ta "Kantsonere" Petrarch kasu kashi biyu: "rayuwa" da "mutuwa na Laura."

Kafin mutuwarsa da mawãƙi rubuta cewa a cikin rayuwata so kawai abubuwa biyu - Laura da kuma Laura, cewa shi ne daukaka da soyayya. Kuma idan daraja ya zo da shi a lokacin da yake rayuwa, cewa ya yi fatan samun soyayya bayan mutuwa, wanda zai iya hašawa tare da Laura har abada.

Features na kerawa da kuma ruhaniya gwagwarmaya

Yana da wani tarin "Kantsonere" The wuri da kuma rawar da mawãƙi a cikin Italiyanci da kuma duniya wallafe-wallafe. Petrarch, wanda waqe kasance real samu a lokacinsa, da farko ya halitta art nau'i na Italian o - shayari marubuci karo na farko ya zama tarihi da mutum na ciki ji. Interest ne ciki rayuwa ya zama tushen dukkan kerawa Petrarch, kuma Ya ƙaddara ta girma bil'adama rawa.

Wadannan ayyuka sun hada da biyu tarihin da Petrarch. Na farko, ba a kare ba, yana da wani sako ga zuriya tsari da kuma ya gaya waje da marubucin rayuwa. Na biyu, ciwon cikin wani nau'i na tattaunawa tsakanin Petrarch da St. Augustine, ya bayyana ciki rayuwa da kuma halin kirki gwagwarmaya a mawãƙi ta rai.

Dalili na wannan rikici shine gwagwarmaya tsakanin ascetic koyarwar Church da wani muradinmu na Petrarch. Da wannan bango m sha'awa a cikin mawãƙi zuwa da'a al'amurran da suka shafi, yi tunani a kan abin da ya shafe hudu: .. "A cikin zuhudu dama", "A wani Kadaitaccen rai," da dai sauransu Duk da haka, a cikin wata muhawara da Augustine, kare ascetic-addini falsafa, ya lashe bil'adama Petrarch ta ra'ayinmu game da duniya.

Tare da coci

Ya ga yana kokarin sulhu da rukunan da coci da na gargajiya adabi Petrarch. Poetry, ba shakka, da kõme ba yi da addini ko asceticism, duk da haka mawãƙi gudanar ya zama wani Katolika. Wannan ya tabbatar da wani yawan treatises, da kuma rubutu da abokai. Bugu da kari, Petrarch yamar da scholastics da limaman a lokacinsa.

Alal misali, "Haruffa ba tare da wani adireshin" cike da satirical da kuma musamman kaifi hare a kan m dabi'u na papal babban birnin kasar. Wannan aikin kunshi 4 sassa, jawabi zuwa daban-daban mutane - biyu real da almara.

zargi

Francesco Petrarca, wanda aikin ya sosai bambancin, m na biyu da zamani coci da kuma zamanin da wallafe-wallafe. Wannan halin da ake ciki da shawara cewa, da mawãƙi aka sosai raya kai-kallo. Misalai daga waɗanda ayyukansu, inda ya nuna a irin wannan dangantaka zuwa ga duniya, su ne wadannan: mataki a kan likita, wanda ya sa kimiyya sama da balaga da kuma shayari; yi yaƙi da prelate, wanda ya annabta da dawowar Paparoma Urban V a Roma. yi da wani prelate, suka kai hari da sosai ayyukan Petrarch.

Criticism mawãƙi hade tare da da'a da matsaloli, da kuma kuma an samu a cikin tarihi rubuce-rubucen. Alal misali, a cikin De rebus memorandis libri IV - tarin labarbaru (labarun) da kuma maganganun da aka aro daga Latin da kuma na zamani marubuta. Wadannan faxin aka shirya bisa ga da'a headings, wanda suka, misali, sunayen irin: "Yã hikima," "A cikin sirri", "A Faith" da sauransu.

Na asali muhimmancin ga biographer na Petrarch yana da babban rubutu na mawãƙi ne. Mutane da yawa daga cikin wadannan haruffa ne, a gaskiya, a rubutun a kan harkokin siyasa da kuma kyawawan dabi'u, wasu kamar aikin jaridar articles. Da yawa kasa muhimmanci ne marubuci ta magana, wadda ya tsĩrar da a daban-daban bikin.

"Canzoniere" ( "Littafi na Songs")

Kamar yadda mawãƙi Francesco Petrarch ya zama shahararren godiya ga tarin "Canzoniere", wanda muka ambata a sama. A littafin da aka sadaukar domin da mawãƙi ta soyayya ga Laura. The tarin hada da duka na 350 sonnets, na da 317 mallakar wani ɓangare na "A rayuwa da mutuwa da Madonna Laura." Shekara arba'in, Petrarch sonnets sadaukar da masõyansa.

A cikin o na Francesco bata sha'awa samaniya tsarkakuwa, kuma mala'iku bayyanar Laura. Shi ne da mawãƙi ta majestic kuma m manufa. Ta rai ne idan aka kwatanta da haske star. Tare da wannan duka Petrarca kulawa don bayyana Laura matsayin real mace, ba kawai a matsayin wani manufa image.

Domin ta zamanin Franchesko Petrarka ne farkon wanda ya fara raira waƙa da yawa da kuma kyau na mutum, da biyan hankali ba kawai a kan bayyanar amma kuma a kan halayen. Bugu da kari, da mawãƙi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa humanism a matsayin abun ciki da halittar kuma hanyar tunani. Kafin art Petrarch na da fadin kadai fasali na ruhaniya, allahntaka da kuma na sama, da kuma mutumin da jũna ajizai ne kuma bai dāce bawan Allah.