Genetics - daga tsufa har zuwa yau

Genetics shine filin nazarin halittu nazarin kwayoyin halittu, ka'idodin ladabi da ka'idodin bambancin kwayoyin. Bisa ma'ana, har zuwa wani lokaci, tushen kwayoyin halitta za'a iya dawowa bayan wayewar wayewa na wayewar mutum, lokacin da mutum ya gano cewa ba zato ba tsammani abubuwa masu rai zasu iya samun halaye na kakanninsu, kuma, hakika, iyayensu. An yi amfani da wannan hujja sosai da sauri, kuma ta haka ne aka samar da kyawawan albarkatun hatsi da dabbobi. Duk da haka, jinsin zamani ya fara a tsakiyar karni na sha tara, tare da ayyukan Gregor Mendel. Duk da cewa ba a fahimci tushen tsarin Mendel ba, sai ya lura cewa kwayoyin sun gaji wasu dabi'un ta hanyar rassa na musamman. Waɗannan su ne raka'a da muka kira yau.

Mafi mahimmanci, jinsin su ne yankuna a DNA, DNA kuma kwayar halitta ce ta kunshe da nau'o'in nucleotides hudu, wanda jerin su ne bayanan kwayoyin da aka samu ta kwayoyin. A kayyade code, bi da bi, shi ne dangantakar da take tsakanin nucleotide jerin amino acid da kuma jerin, wanda ke da alhakin gina jiki aiki.

Duk da haka, jinsin halitta, ko da yake yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a bayyanar da kanta, kuma a ci gaba, aiki da kuma halin mutum, ba shine kawai wanda aka ƙayyade, don haka ba, "sakamakon karshe" na cigaba. Bugu da ƙari, irin kwayoyin halitta da kanta, yanayin da ci gaba da kwayar halitta yake ciki. Mahimmanci, haɗin kai zai iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samfuri, alal misali, girma girma, amma halaye na yanayin, abinci mai gina jiki, adadin aikin jiki da kuma aikin da aka yi na musamman - duk wannan zai iya tasiri sosai ga alamar da aka nuna (girma).

Yawancin cututtuka za a iya daukar su ta hanyar daidai wannan tsari. Irin wannan cututtuka ana kiranta "cututtuka masu kamala", ko cututtuka, fitowarwa da ci gaba wanda ya haifar da lalacewar cell. Daya kamata ba dame polietiologichesky cutar da kuma wani narrower kungiyar kayyade cututtuka kungiyar. Yaya cututtukan kwayoyin cutar suka gaji? Dalili na hereditary cututtuka ne da kõwa fãce da maye gurbi gado bayanai - ko kwayoyin, chromosomal ko mitochondrial maye gurbi. Magungunan cututtuka masu yawa fiye da dubu shida.

A cewar kididdigar, kimanin yara biyar ko shida daga cikin yara ɗari da haihuwa sun haifa ne tare da cututtukan da aka zazzage su, wanda yawanci yake tare da wata cuta tare da jigilar kwayoyin halitta. Ya kamata a lura cewa adadin irin wannan cututtuka na iya haɗawa da lalacewar ci gaban, da kuma wasu ƙetare a cikin haɓaka basirar yaro. Duk da haka, lamarin daidai ya haɗa da wasu cututtuka masu nauyaya, wanda zasu iya tashi a karon farko, kuma za a gaji daga iyaye (ko daga ɗaya daga cikinsu). Halin yiwuwar haihuwar yaron da ke dauke da kwayar cutar ta dogara da yawancin hujjoji, daga cikinsu:

1. Shekaru na iyaye. Kamar yadda yake da shekaru, yawancin maye gurbi sun haɗa a cikin kwayoyin halitta, hadarin samun yarinya tare da kwayar halitta anomaly yana ƙaruwa da shekaru;

2. Hanyar dangantaka mai dangantaka. Abokan iya zama masu ɗaukar nau'in kwayar cutar guda daya, wanda zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga zuriya;

3. An riga an ci karo da mummunar cututtukan iyali. Wannan zai iya kasancewa a cikin nau'in cututtuka na iyali na yau da kullum, kuma a gaban kasancewar an haifi 'ya'ya mara lafiya;

4. na wasu kabilun.

Alal misali, hanya mafi kyau da za a bi da cututtuka ta kwayoyin halitta ita ce ta hana su, wanda aka dauke da shawara na kwayoyin halitta da gwajin kwayoyin - ko da kafin zuwan yaro.