The duniya kayyade code

A kayyade code - shi ne na musamman boye-boye hereditary bayanai ta amfani da kwayoyin da nucleic acid. Bisa ga wannan lamba bayanai genes dace sarrafawa kira sunadaran enzymes a cikin jiki, game da shi, ma'ana metabolism. Bi da bi, da tsarin da mutum sunadaran da su aiki ne ya sa ta wuri da kuma abun da ke ciki na amino acid - tsarin raka'a na sunadari.

A tsakiyar karni na karshe shi ne ya gano kwayoyin halittu, wanda raba sassa na deoxyribonucleic acid (rage tsawon - DNA). Nucleotides links a cikin nau'i na DNA din ya halayyar biyu tufka, tattara a cikin wani nau'i na karkace.

Masana kimiyya sun gano wata dangantaka tsakanin kwayoyin halittu da sunadaran tsarin mutum sunadarai, jigon wadda ta ƙunshi a gaskiyar cewa tsarin domin na amino acid a cikin sunadarai na gina jiki da cikakken yayi dace da tsari na nucleotides a gene. Bayan kafa wannan dangantaka, da masu bincike yanke shawarar decipher da kwayoyin code, watau, kafa dokokin da suka dace da tsarin domin na nucleotides a DNA da kuma amino acid a cikin sunadaran.

Akwai kawai hudu iri nucleotides:

1) A - adenine.

2) G - Bibyun.

3) T - thymidylic.

4) D - cytidylic.

A tsarin da ashirin irin muhimmanci amino acid na furotin a hada. Tare da deciphering na kwayoyin code, akwai matsaloli saboda nisa m nucleotides fiye da aminoskislot. A warware wannan matsala, an nuna cewa amino acid din da ake sauya ta daban-daban haduwa da uku nucleotides (da ake kira mai codon ko triplet).

Idan muka lissafta duk yiwu haduwa da triplets zai zama 64, watau sau uku fiye da amino acid - shi dai itace wuce haddi triplets.

Bugu da kari, ya zama dole a bayyana ba daidai da yadda triplets suna located tare da gene. Saboda haka akwai babban uku kungiyoyin na theories:

1) triplets bi juna ci gaba, Ina nufin samar da wata m code.

2) triplets aka shirya a tarnaƙi "m" rabo, Ina nufin kafa da ake kira "waƙafi" da "sakin layi" a cikin code.

3) triplets iya zoba, Ina nufin karshen na farko triplet iya samar da farkon na gaba.

A halin yanzu, yafi amfani da ka'idar code ci gaba.

Halitta code, kuma da kaddarorin

1) a triplet code - shi kunshi sabani haduwa na uku nucleotides kafa codons.

2) A kayyade code shi ne m - shi ne mai sakamako da ya triplet. Daya amino acid iya sauya ta fiye da daya codon kamar yadda codon a kan ilmin lissafi lissafin, sau uku fiye da amino acid. Da dama ƙarshe codons yi wasu ayyuka: wasu na iya zama "tasha sakonni" cewa an riga an kaddara samar kawo karshen sarkar amino acid, yayin da wasu iya wakiltar qaddamarwa na karanta code.

3) A kayyade code shi ne unambiguous - kowane codon iya daidaita daya kawai amino acid.

4) Halitta code yana collinearity, Ina nufin da nucleotide da kuma amino acid jerin fili dace da juna.

5) code shi ne rubuta ci gaba da kuma shi ne karami, "maganar banza" nucleotides sun bata. Ya fara da ma'ana mai triplet, wanda aka maye gurbinsu da wadannan maras tsayawa da kuma ƙare da karewa codon.

6) A kayyade code ne na kowa da kowa - da wani kwayoyin halittar da encode ga sunadaran daidai da wannan. Yana ba ya dogara ne a kan matakin haduwar kungiyar na kwayoyin ko tsarin status.

Modern kimiyya ya nuna cewa kwayoyin code taso nan da nan a kan haihuwar wani sabon kwayoyin da kashi al'amarin. Random canje-canje da kuma matakai na ci gaba yin yiwu wani zabin code, watau amino acid iya interchanged a wani tsari. Me ya sa a cikin shakka daga juyin halitta ya tsira daidai wannan irin code, dalilin da ya sa code ne na kowa da kowa kuma yana da irin wannan tsarin? A mafi kimiyya san game da sabon abu na kwayoyin code, da mafi akwai na sabon asirai.